Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Preschool Mathematics: Construct Validity of a New Teacher Interview
Although more current data are not available, Stein, Stuen, Carnine, and Long (2001) estimated that «textbooks serve as the basis for 75 to 90 % of classroom instruction» (p. 6), even though
pedagogical content knowledge for teaching now would include the ideas of appraising, selecting, and modifying textbooks (as recommended by Ball, 2000).
A study in contrast: Sources of
pedagogical content knowledge for secondary English.
The Handbook of Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Educators published in 2008 provides an instance of this kind of collaborative activity.
Not exact matches
It also requires expert
pedagogical content knowledge — a deep understanding of how students learn subjects, including an understanding of common learning progressions and sequences; an understanding of how learning builds onto prior learning and lays the foundations
for future learning; the role of prerequisites; and an understanding of common student errors and the misunderstandings that underpin them.
Sandy Heldsinger: Assessment makes heavy demands on teachers»
content and
pedagogical knowledge and,
for this reason, it is hard.
While the Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, new for the 5th edition, provides teachers with the knowledge and skills to overcome obstacles when integrating technology into their curriculum — across the content
Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, new for the 5th edition, provides teachers with the knowledge and skills to overcome obstacles when integrating technology into their curriculum — across the conte
Knowledge (TPACK) framework, new
for the 5th edition, provides teachers with the
knowledge and skills to overcome obstacles when integrating technology into their curriculum — across the conte
knowledge and skills to overcome obstacles when integrating technology into their curriculum — across the
contentcontent areas.
The International Association
for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's Teacher and Development Mathematics Study (TEDS), conducted in 16 countries, ranked Chile next to last in mathematics
content and
pedagogical knowledge, below Botswana.
Pedagogical content knowledge:
knowledge about what specific techniques are best
for conveying one's particular
content;
knowledge of likely mistakes and misunderstandings that students will have, and how best to diagnose and address them.
Therefore, after selecting teachers with the appropriate background
content and
pedagogical content knowledge and skills (addressing weaknesses as necessary), experienced practitioners noted that a preparation program
for teacher leaders should develop and strengthen their abilities to serve as leaders.
The concept of technological
pedagogical content knowledge (or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge [TPACK]-RRB- provides a theoretical frame
for doing just that (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- as long as TPACK is not used by teacher educators and researchers as a simple static and myopic evaluative lens that fails to pay attention to the range of contexts that teachers work within.
As a strategy employed by teacher leaders, professional development may be used
for various purposes such as supporting implementation of curriculum, introducing new
pedagogical strategies, and deepening mathematics and science
content knowledge.
Hill, Ball and Brian Rowan find only modest links between measures of the mathematical
knowledge that teachers need
for teaching and their students» performance on standardized math tests, and the vaunted Measures of Effective Teaching project had to abandon its
content knowledge for teaching measures, designed to assess some aspects of
pedagogical content knowledge, as they were not associated with student achievement.
The teacher's demonstrated
pedagogical skills, including at least a special determination concerning the teacher's
knowledge of his or her subject area and the ability to impart that
knowledge through planning, delivering rigorous
content, checking
for and building higher - level understanding, differentiating, and managing a classroom; and consistent preparation to maximize instructional time.
In a follow - up study, Sherin and van Es (2009) identified three primary research agendas
for the use of video in supporting teacher learning: increasing
pedagogical repertoire, developing
content knowledge for teaching, and «learning to notice» important features of classroom interactions.
, The handbook of technological
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK)
for educators (pp. 129 - 144).
The district only has about 16 hours a year set aside
for development, which includes state mandates,
pedagogical training and
content knowledge, Stone said.
Technological
pedagogical content knowledge: A framework
for teacher
knowledge.
Investigating associations among professional development, mathematical
knowledge for teaching, and
pedagogical content beliefs.
This finding demonstrates a need
for teacher professional development at every educational level (e.g., preservice and in - service) to not only model best practices that employ technology but also seek ways to develop teachers» technological
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK, or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge [TPACK]-RRB-.
The researchers determined that the strongest influences on how the teachers used the digital primary sources and technology centered on their own beliefs, the «purpose
for teaching» (p. 159), and their level of «
pedagogical content knowledge» (p. 163).
Shulman's (1987) original formulation of «
pedagogical content knowledge» is still being debated, revised, and extended (Hill et al., 2008), so formulations of TPACK will likely remain in flux
for some time.
The rapid expansion of available technological tools has prompted scholarly discourse about how Shulman's (1987) construct of
pedagogical content knowledge might be built upon to help describe the sort of
knowledge teachers need
for teaching with technology.
In the Teacher Practice Networks initiative, facilitated by the Center
for the Future of Teaching & Learning, districts and outside organizations partner to leverage their combined expertise to develop teacher leadership skills; deepen
content pedagogical knowledge; and support meaningful, teacher - to - teacher professional learning.
ELA
Content Knowledge and
Pedagogical Content Knowledge, including a deep understanding of College and Career Ready Standards, and high quality curricular resources
for Math (e.g. Eureka)
This approach takes into account that many school districts provide classroom teachers with limited face - to - face professional development time to learn new
content knowledge and
pedagogical approaches
for teaching with geospatial technologies.
Using reflection to consider specific issues critically — such as the rapid rate of technological change, the design of technology
for educational purposes or the use of specific forms of technology to support the situated nature of learning (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- provides preservice teachers with the opportunity to develop their technological
pedagogical content knowledge while engaging in meaningful reflective practice.
Because technological
pedagogical content knowledge is becoming an increasingly important construct in the field of teacher education, there is a need
for assessment mechanisms that capture teachers» development of this portion of the
knowledge base
for teaching.
Perhaps more importantly, the HI FIVES professional development and project as a whole centered around fostering teacher creation of SEGs
for implementation in their classrooms, which both afforded opportunity
for TPACK improvement and encouraged teachers to embed their current
content and
pedagogical knowledge within the games they would later implement in their classroom.
In this way, experimenting with geospatial technologies during teacher education addresses the development of teacher candidates»
pedagogical content knowledge (Shulman, 1987) by contributing to their «understanding of how particular topics, problems, or issues are organized, represented, and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities of learners, and presented
for instruction» (p. 8).
Shulman (1987) defined seven
knowledge bases
for teachers:
content knowledge, general
pedagogical knowledge, curriculum
knowledge,
pedagogical content knowledge (PCK),
knowledge of learners and their characteristics,
knowledge of educational context, and
knowledge of educational ends, goals, and values.
It requires the development of a mix of subject matter
content knowledge,
knowledge of various means
for how students learn that
content, and
pedagogical knowledge regarding ways to teach the subject matter
content.
It is a resource
for enhancing teachers»
pedagogical and
content knowledge!»
To teach, teachers need to have developed an integrated
knowledge structure that incorporates
knowledge about subject matter, learners, pedagogy, curriculum, and schools; they need to have developed a
pedagogical content knowledge, or PCK,
for teaching their subjects.
But
for technology to become an integral component or tool
for learning the subject, teachers must also develop «an overarching conception of their subject matter with respect to technology and what it means to teach with technology — technology
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK)» (Niess, 2005, p. 510).
The challenge
for mathematics teacher educators is to identify teacher preparation and professional development programs that lead toward the development of technology
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK).
Much of the literature on teacher preparation
for successful integration of technology into classrooms has focused on enhancing technological,
pedagogical, and
content knowledge (Clark, Zhang, & Strudler, 2015; Mishra & Koehler, 2006), and slow and ineffective technology implementation has often been attributed to a lack thereof.
Research suggests that multiple types of
knowledge —
content knowledge,
pedagogical knowledge, and
knowledge about human development — are crucial
for understanding how to teach well.
All candidates seeking certification in Adolescence to Young Adult are required to take and pass the OAE
Pedagogical Assessment of Professional
Knowledge: Adolescence to Young Adult, along with the
Content Assessment (s) required
for their subject area.
All candidates seeking Intervention Specialist certification are required to take and pass the OAE
Pedagogical Assessment of Professional
Knowledge: Early Childhood PK — 3 or Multi-Age K — 12 (depending on grade level), along with the
Content Assessment (s) required
for their subject area.
All candidates seeking certification in Middle Childhood are required to take and pass the OAE
Pedagogical Assessment of Professional
Knowledge: Middle Childhood (002), along with the
Content Assessment required
for their subject area.
Technological
pedagogical content knowledge: A new framework
for teacher
knowledge.
At the heart of the continuum is National Board Certification, a process designed
for teachers to demonstrate, through standards - based evidence, the positive impact they have on student learning as a result of their deep and abiding understanding of students,
content knowledge,
pedagogical practice, ongoing reflection and participation in learning communities.
This course is designed
for candidates to apply
content knowledge of her or his chosen discipline (e.g., Math, Science, English Language Arts, Social Science or Multiple Subjects) with the models of teaching introduced in this program by utilizing a repertoire of
pedagogical practices responsive to the needs and interests of diverse learners.
This paper describes a framework
for teacher
knowledge for technology integration called technological
pedagogical content knowledge (originally TPCK, now known as TPACK, or technology, pedagogy, and
content knowledge).
Epistemological and methodological issues
for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT — TPCK: Advances in technological
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK).
When I was the Math Curriculum Coordinator
for a K — 12 district, I had the privilege of being a co-principal investigator
for a three - year, $ 1.5 million federal Math — Science Partnership grant designed to improve the
pedagogical content knowledge of middle school mathematics teachers.
Teachers show a good grasp of
content knowledge and
pedagogical content knowledge and can «translate» this in effective and interesting ways
for students.
In his view, criteria
for judging teacher effectiveness could be based upon Shulman's categories of teacher
knowledge — especially academic
content knowledge,
pedagogical content knowledge,
knowledge of the curriculum, and
knowledge of learners and educational contexts.
In keeping with the current trajectories of TPACK research, Doering and Veletsianos (2007b) identified geography technological
pedagogical content knowledge (see Figure 2) as a necessary component
for teacher education programs to focus on in order to facilitate increased integration of geospatial technologies (e.g., Google Earth) into K - 12 classrooms.