The U.S. dollar accounts for about 64
percent of central banks» foreign exchange reserves.
Not exact matches
Under
central bank rules introduced in 2014, companies are required to hedge a minimum 25
percent of their liabilities in foreign currency 3 - 6 months before they come due.
«It's hard to understand why the BOJ is still cautious about adopting a price - stability target,» Kuroda wrote, eight years ago, before the
central bank was strong - armed this year into adopting a binding inflation target
of 2
percent.
Kuroda said the size and type
of assets the BOJ now buys is not enough to achieve its 2
percent inflation target, which he said the
central bank would strive to hit within two years.
The
central bank's policy rate is already set in a range
of zero to 0.1
percent.
The
central bank kept its inflation forecast for this year at 2.7
percent but said that some
of its monetary policy committee members «moved a little closer» to their limits for tolerating an overshoot in the
bank's inflation target.
In January, the
central bank agreed to an inflation target
of 2
percent.
Though the European
Central Bank has been encouraged by the economy's momentum, it's still pursuing crisis - era stimulus policies to get the annual rate
of inflation back to its goal
of just below 2
percent.
The Polish
central bank announced Wednesday it kept its benchmark interest rate unchanged at a record low
of 1.5
percent.
The Russian
central bank announced Friday that it was keeping its key interest rate at 10
percent, but opened the door to a cut in the first half
of 2017.
He has implemented a massive stimulus policy by cutting the
central bank's benchmark interest rate to negative, keeping the 10 - year Japanese government bond yield near 0 percent in an effort to control the yield curve and stepping up the Bank of Japan's asset purcha
bank's benchmark interest rate to negative, keeping the 10 - year Japanese government bond yield near 0
percent in an effort to control the yield curve and stepping up the
Bank of Japan's asset purcha
Bank of Japan's asset purchases.
Even if inflation remains short
of the ECB's target
of near 2
percent, its policymakers have been debating whether to end the
central bank's 2.55 trillion euro ($ 3.06 trillion) asset purchase scheme.
From before the
central bank's previous meeting [to today], the odds
of a rate hike have risen from about 30
percent to 80
percent.»
The question is whether this will translate to a push for euro zone inflation towards the European
Central Bank target
of just below two
percent.
Analysts said the use
of the word «symmetric» suggests that the Fed may allow inflation to run above its 2
percent target, a stance that would limit the need for the
central bank to embark on a more aggressive path
of monetary tightening in response to recent rises in inflation.
Russia's
central bank took drastic action to defend its rouble currency in a surprise midnight raising
of interest rates by 650 basis points to 17
percent.
After being hit by several headwinds over the past year, India is now set for growth
of up to 8
percent per year, the country's former
central bank governor, Raghuram Rajan, said.
The open - ended program will not start until next year and
central bankers were divided on the new 2
percent inflation target, with two
of the
central bank's nine policymakers voting against the move.
On the other hand, the same survey showed that 42
percent of the fund managers believe
central bank policies will be the biggest driver
of the dollar this year, while just 11
percent thought trade issues would be.
The
Central Bank of Hungary kept its key interest rate at 1.35
percent on the back
of falling commodity prices, boosting demand for forint bonds.
Turkey's annual inflation rate went up more than expected in August to 7.14
percent, moving further away from the
central bank's target inflation
of 5
percent.
As the next chart shows, QE has bloated
central banks» balance sheets so much that they now hold the equivalent
of 33
percent of all sovereign debt worldwide, up from roughly 15
percent pre-crisis.
He said that the
central bank would not buy more than 33
percent of any country's outstanding bonds, nor more than 25
percent of any bond issue.
The euro, which had already been near its lowest level in 11 years on expectations
of action by the
central bank, weakened further against the dollar, falling about 1
percent to around $ 1.14, a move that could help European exporters.
Insolvent homeowners in Europe face a lifetime
of literal debt peonage to make the
banks (even foreign
banks, which dominate
Central Europe's post-Soviet economies) whole on their bad debts as the continent's real estate prices are plunging even more steeply than those in the United States — some 70
percent in Iceland and Latvia.
In addition, the European
Central Bank already owns a large proportion
of Greek bonds and would not hold more than 33
percent of the total.
As recently as December, the
central bank had forecast an inflation rate
of 1
percent for 2016.
In October, Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen suggested there might be some benefit in allowing inflation to exceed the
central bank's target rate
of 2
percent before another hike is considered, which is good news for gold.
The
central bank raised its key interest rate to 10.5
percent and warned about the future
of Russia's embattled economy.
Specifically, the LCR specifies that, when a
bank issues an unsecured wholesale liability
of 30 days or less, it must hold between 25 and 100
percent of the amount in the form
of either
central bank reserves or sovereigns.
However, an overwhelming majority
of survey respondents who expressed a view - 94
percent - do not expect
central banks to deploy «helicopter money» this year, while saying that they seem to be running out
of options to stimulate growth.
China's yuan is forecast to weaken just 2
percent this year as the
central bank lowers its midpoint fixings and the dollar rises in anticipation
of higher interest rates in the United States.
If the Trump Administration or any subsequent U.S. government were to prevent
central banks, investors and savers from buying U.S. Treasuries the U.S. Dollar would no longer be 60 or so
percent of the money exchange for world goods and services.
«The expected fiscal consolidation and the subdued nature
of the recovery are putting in place the conditions for the
central bank to resume, in due course, monetary policy easing in a manner consistent with the 4
percent inflation target.
All
of the 26 firms surveyed by Bloomberg expect the
central bank to leave the overnight lending rate unchanged at 1
percent.
The 2008 financial crisis saw interest rates in the UK fall to historical lows
of 0.50
percent in March 2009, as the
central bank went all out to help the UK economy recover from the global liquidity crunch.
According to the World Gold Council (WGC), demand for gold slipped by 7
percent in 2017 compared with a year earlier on the back
of a decline in
central -
bank purchases, a sharp slide in inflows into gold ETFs (exchange - traded funds) and a 10 -
percent fall in coin investments.
In the United Kingdom, headline inflation is close to 3
percent on an annual basis, higher than the
central bank's projected target
of 2 to 2.5
percent; and in the United States, consumer inflation remained above the
central bank's 2 -
percent target until May
of this year before slipping modestly.
However, the Harmonised Index
of Consumer Prices (HICP) inflation in the euro area has remained below the ECB's 2 -
percent inflation target since 2013, leaving the
central bank of the 19 - nation euro area not much
of a choice when it comes to hiking rates.
The largest demand for gold is seen in the jewellery sector, which accounts for 40 to 50
percent of the total global demand, followed by gold bars and coins, global ETFs backed by gold,
central -
bank purchases and demand by other industries.
Unconventional
central bank assets include exposure to equities
of $ 40.3 billion, or 6.7
percent of the total.
Average house prices have risen 11.3
percent since the market bottomed at the end
of 2009, according to
central bank data at the end
of the first quarter.
In many ways, the improving U.S. economy no longer needs so much help from the
central bank: Hiring is solid, and unemployment is on the cusp
of a nearly normal 6
percent rate.
Base money and the
central bank's holdings
of Japanese government bonds (JGBs) each have swollen to almost ¥ 400 trillion ($ 3.9 trillion), which is now 80
percent of the country's GDP, and they continue to expand at a pace
of ¥ 80 trillion ($ 780 billion) annually.
In the wake
of all this, the Mexican
central bank, Banxico, opted to stay the benchmark interest rate at 7
percent following its meeting on September 28.
At the same time, he said, the Fed is not the world's
central bank, and will calibrate policy based on its domestic objectives
of fostering full U.S. employment and 2
percent inflation.
Since 1991, the Government and the
Bank of Canada have jointly agreed that the
central objective
of monetary policy should be for the
Bank of Canada to target an inflation rate
of 2
percent.
Previously, the
central bank assigned a value to the currency each morning, allowing its value against the dollar to rise or fall by a maximum
of 2
percent.
Because the Fed aims for inflation
of 2
percent, that would suggest there is more room for the
central bank to pump money into the economy without sparking an outburst
of higher prices.
The
central bank obediently issued GKOs (government treasury bills) paying interest rates higher than 100 per cent annually, subsequently scaled back to a more «Latin American - type» level
of about 25
percent.