Sentences with phrase «period of a warm surface»

The second is a short - term period of warmer surface waters in the Pacific Ocean (called an El Niño).

You can have a long period of cold air at the surface with little turbulent mixing and little energy transfer, followed by a short period of a warm surface and lots of turbulence and energy transfer - ending with a time average of warm over cold, but a time average of upward energy transfer.

Not exact matches

Scientists define them as periods when the sea surface in a given area of the ocean gets unusually warm for at least five days in a row.

Analyzing data collected over a 20 - month period, scientists from NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Greenbelt, Md., and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the number of cirrus clouds above the Pacific Ocean declines with warmer sea surface temperatures.

The deceleration in rising temperatures during this 15 - year period is sometimes referred to as a «pause» or «hiatus» in global warming, and has raised questions about why the rate of surface warming on Earth has been markedly slower than in previous decades.

Experiments carried out in the OU Mars Simulation Chamber — specialised equipment, which is able to simulate the atmospheric conditions on Mars — reveal that Mars» thin atmosphere (about 7 mbar — compared to 1,000 mbar on Earth) combined with periods of relatively warm surface temperatures causes water flowing on the surface to violently boil.

This is a marine crocodilian, here a dyrosaurid, swimming in the warm surface waters during the end of the Cretaceous period.

It refers to a period of slower surface warming in the wake of the 1997 - 98 super El Niño compared to the previous decades.

If this rapid warming continues, it could mean the end of the so - called slowdown — the period over the past decade or so when global surface temperatures increased less rapidly than before.

With ENSO - neutral conditions present during the first half of 2013, the January — June global temperature across land and ocean surfaces tied with 2003 as the seventh warmest such period, at 0.59 °C (1.06 °F) above the 20th century average.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

Both are slightly positive since 1850, and account for approximately 0.2 °C of the observed 0.8 °C surface warming over that period.

These so - called «modest hyperthermals» (meaning a rapid, pronounced period of global warming) had shorter durations and recoveries (about a 40,000 year cycle) and involved an exchange of carbon between surface reservoirs into the atmosphere and then into sediment.

Today, researchers use the term El Niño only for those periods when the surface water around the equator in the eastern and central Pacific warms for an extended period of time.

Beginning in the mid-1970s, the equatorial Pacific Ocean began a period of warmer than normal sea - surface temperatures.

Large - scale surface temperature reconstructions yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium, including relatively warm conditions centered around A.D. 1000 (identified by some as the «Medieval Warm Period») and a relatively cold period (or «Little Ice Age») centered around 1warm conditions centered around A.D. 1000 (identified by some as the «Medieval Warm Period») and a relatively cold period (or «Little Ice Age») centered around 1Warm Period») and a relatively cold period (or «Little Ice Age») centered aroundPeriod») and a relatively cold period (or «Little Ice Age») centered aroundperiod (or «Little Ice Age») centered around 1700.

This animation shows how the same temperature data (green) that is used to determine the long - term global surface air warming trend of 0.16 °C per decade (red) can be used inappropriately to «cherrypick» short time periods that show a cooling trend simply because the endpoints are carefully chosen and the trend is dominated by short - term noise in the data (blue steps).

They suggest this «pause» in the acceleration of carbon dioxide concentrations was, in part, due to the effect of the temporary slowdown in global average surface warming during that same period on respiration, the process by which plants and soils release CO2.

The main point is that just as surface temperatures has experienced periods of short term cooling during long term global warming, similarly the ocean shows short term variability during a long term warming trend.

Only 250 million years after life reached the earth's surface emerged, the first warm - blooded animals appeared, as for example the dinosaurs of the Jurassic period, that disappeared 66 million years ago due to a supposed asteroid impact on Earth.

A proper warm - up period is 5 to 15 minutes of light walking or trotting on a surface similar to the event surface.

The gestation period is about 13.5 months and the calf is born head first (unusual for cetaceans) and near the surface of the warm, shallow waters.

-- The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the December — February period was 0.41 °C (0.74 °F) above the 20th century average of 12.1 °C (53.8 °F), making it the 17th warmest such period on record and the coolest December — February since 2008.

Item 8 could be confusing in having so many messages: «It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas... The best estimate of the human - induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period....

These results suggest that sea surface temperature pattern - induced low cloud anomalies could have contributed to the period of reduced warming between 1998 and 2013, and offer a physical explanation of why climate sensitivities estimated from recently observed trends are probably biased low 4.

Our results support previous findings of a reduced rate of surface warming over the 2001 — 2014 period — a period in which anthropogenic forcing increased at a relatively constant rate.»

The paleoclimate record (8.2 kyr, and earlier «large lake collapses») shows a dramatic drop in surface temperatures for a substantial period of time when the ocean circulation shuts off or changes, but is that actually what would be expected under these warming conditions?

«We show that the climate over the 21st century can and likely will produce periods of a decade or two where the globally averaged surface air temperature shows no trend or even slight cooling in the presence of longer - term warming,» the paper says, adding that, «It is easy to «cherry pick» a period to reinforce a point of view.»

The 2007 IPCC report highlights surface temperature projections for the period 2090 - 2099 under a business - as - ususal scenario that reveals +5 °C to +7 °C warming warming of annually average temperatures over much of Eurasia under an aggressive A2 scenario.

But this is in a period that the Bureau has predicted is likely, based on statistical analysis of historical data and current sea surface conditions, to be warmer than the historical average (see here.

They relate the current hiatus period at the surface and a deeper penetration of the warming into the ocean with changes in the trade winds on the subtropical Pacific (intensification).

And in turn this warm surface water is left in greater control of the shorter time - scale climate which we have been able to observe during the instrumental period.

During a period in which surface warming is stifled by internal variability the rate of energy accumulation would be influenced only by the forcing — there would be no difference between a high - sensitivity model and a zero - feedback model (assuming zero - dimensional models; the reality, with regionally varying temperatures and feedbacks, would be more complex).

To achieve such a cycle, BNO (S) must at a minimum warm the surface and atmosphere of the planet by a total of 0.31 °C during 1970 - 99 which would require more than perhaps 20 ZJ during the warming phase, equally divided between the first half and the last half of this 1970 - 99 period.

# 92 Spencer el al 2007 paper doesn't really support the precise mechanism proposed by Lindzen for Iris effect, but more simply observes a strong TOA negative correction associated with warming events at 20 ° S - 20 ° N (that is: in the 2000 - 2005 period of observation, the most significative warming episodes of the surface + low troposphere — 40 days or more — leads to a negative SW+LW cloud forcing at the top of the atmosphere).

For most recent sampling see: New Peer - Reviewed Study finds «Solar changes significantly alter climate» (11-3-07)(LINK) & «New Peer - Reviewed Study Halves the Global Average Surface Temperature Trend 1980 — 2002» (LINK) & New Study finds Medieval Warm Period «0.3 C Warmer than 20th Century» (LINK) For a more comprehensive sampling of peer - reviewed studies earlier in 2007 see «New Peer - Reviewed Scientific Studies Chill Global Warming Fears» LINK]

... but more simply observes a strong TOA negative correction associated with warming events at 20 ° S - 20 ° N (that is: in the 2000 - 2005 period of observation, the most significative warming episodes of the surface + low troposphere — 40 days or more — leads to a negative SW+LW cloud forcing at the top of the atmosphere).

It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).

• Greenhouse gases contributed a global mean surface warming likely to be in the range of 0.5 °C to 1.3 °C over the period 1951 to 2010, with the contributions from other anthropogenic forcings, including the cooling effect of aerosols, likely to be in the range of − 0.6 °C to 0.1 °C.

A main control on atmospheric CO2 appears to be the ocean surface temperature, and remains a possibility that a significant part of the overall increase of atmospheric CO2 since at least 1958 (start of Mauna Loa observations) simply relflects the gradual warming of the oceans as a result of the prolonged period of high solar activity since 1920 (Solanki et al., 2004).

For example, atmospheric carbon dioxide grew by approximately 30 % during the transition from the most recent cold glacial period, about 20,000 years ago, to the current warm interglacial period; the corresponding rate of decrease in surface ocean pH, driven by geological processes, was approximately 50 times slower than the current rate driven largely by fossil fuel burning.

And for the period of 1997 to 2012, there are no similarities between the warming and cooling patterns for lower troposphere temperatures over the oceans and the satellite - enhanced sea surface temperature data.

The size of the imbalance varies with the time span you consider, because it is larger in periods of weak surface warming such as the last decade, when 0.9 W / m2 pertains, but smaller over longer periods that have more warming at the surface such as the last 20 - 30 years.

In the real world the most obvious and most common reason for an increase in the speed of energy flow through the system occurs naturally when the oceans are in warm surface mode and solar input to the oceans due to reduced global albedo is high as apparently occurred during the period 1975 to 1998.

First, Happer mentions statistical significance, but global surface temperature trends are rarely if ever statistically significant (at a 95 % confidence level) over periods as short as a decade, even in the presence of an underlying long - term warming trend, because of the natural variability and noise in the climate system.

«If the surface temperature resumed the warming rate that we observed from, say 1977 through 1998, we would still go close to a quarter of a century without significant net warming because there's such a long flat period built into the record now.

Additionally, the observed surface temperature changes over the past decade are within the range of model predictions (Figure 6) and decadal periods of flat temperatures during an overall long - term warming trend are predicted by climate models (Easterling & Wehner 2009).

The periods of intense hurricanes uncovered by the new research were driven in part by intervals of warm sea surface temperatures that previous research has shown occurred during these time periods, according to the new study.

Surface warming / ocean warming: «A reassessment of temperature variations and trends from global reanalyses and monthly surface climatological datasets» «Estimating changes in global temperature since the pre-industrial period» «Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus» «Assessing the impact of satellite - based observations in sea surface temperature trendsSurface warming / ocean warming: «A reassessment of temperature variations and trends from global reanalyses and monthly surface climatological datasets» «Estimating changes in global temperature since the pre-industrial period» «Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus» «Assessing the impact of satellite - based observations in sea surface temperature trendssurface climatological datasets» «Estimating changes in global temperature since the pre-industrial period» «Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus» «Assessing the impact of satellite - based observations in sea surface temperature trendssurface warming hiatus» «Assessing the impact of satellite - based observations in sea surface temperature trendssurface temperature trends»

Greenhouse gases contributed a global mean surface warming likely to be in the range of 0.5 °C to 1.3 °C over the period 1951 − 2010, with the contributions from other anthropogenic forcings, including the cooling effect of aerosols, likely to be in the range of − 0.6 °C to 0.1 °C.