It could be a long time before agreement is reached — there aren't many areas of mathematics where the foundations and
philosophical interpretation of the subject matter are still being argued over after a quarter of a millennium!
This simple
philosophical interpretation of coordinate geometry also has its forerunner in Whitehead's mathematics.
The first general and less specific criticism would hold that
a philosophical interpretation of Christian faith almost inevitably tends to be inadequate.
According to him, religion (or
his philosophical interpretation of it) fulfilled man's constant psychological need to have an image of himself and of the world by which he could orient himself.
This is a clue, I believe, not only to
a philosophical interpretation of the meaning of human existence but also to the practical quest of men to find the good life for themselves and their societies.
In Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality, Danielle Allen provides an informative, line - by - line, sometimes word - by - word,
philosophical interpretation of the founders» document.
But these men are important historically in a third way: not only their results and their methods but
the philosophical interpretations of their ideas had a major impact on Western thought.
«Israel Scheffler leaves behind a lasting legacy in the field of the philosophy of education —
his philosophical interpretations of language, symbolism, science, and education remain as resonant and relevant today as when they were written,» said Dean James Ryan.
The exhibition, entitled: Carlos Estevez: Images of Thought represents his artistic practice during the years 1992 - 2009, and is accompanied by a new book entitled: Images of Thought:
Philosophical Interpretations of Carlos Estevez's Art, by the exhibition's curator Dr. Jorge J.E. Gracia, SUNY Distinguished Professor (2009, SUNY Press).
Not exact matches
But even so, it would also be true that none
of these positions could be known or shown by us to be true, even as
interpretations of experience, by any direct appeal to experience unmediated by very complex
philosophical analysis and dialectic.
This notion could be interpreted to include the scientific and
philosophical wisdom which would then be integrated with biblical wisdom in an inclusive theology, although this
interpretation is in tension with the flat assertion that reason is «not itself a source
of theology.»
Both theistic evolution and atheistic evolution are
philosophical / theological
interpretations of what science can establish: evolution.
In a recent
interpretation of Hegel's philosophy
of religion Emil L. Fackenheim rejects Kierkegaard's view that Hegel's philosophy is destructive
of religion, and argues that Hegel seeks to penetrate «the relation between rational self - activity and religious receptivity to the divine and the relation
of philosophical self - activity to both.
A few theoretical chemists have openly considered the extent to which these are not merely pragmatic issues
of how to proceed and how to apply the theoretician's results (which are considerable) but are issues
of philosophical interpretation and metaphysical presupposition.
He believed that «the true method
of philosophical construction is to frame a scheme
of ideas, the best that one can, and unflinchingly to explore the
interpretation of experience in terms
of that scheme» (PR xiv / x).
He clarifies his rather vague definition
of the field by contrasting biblical theology with five other modes
of study: doctrinal theology, nontheological biblical studies, history
of religion,
philosophical and natural theology, and «the
interpretation of parts
of the Bible as distinct from the longer complexes taken as wholes.»
4 This dynamic
interpretation of the primordial nature is further developed in Ford, «The Non-Temporality
of Whitehead's God,» International
Philosophical Quarterly, 13/3 (September, 1973), 347 - 76.
If the latter is the case, and I think it is, then it may be possible to reconcile many
of the differences between the two thinkers with some creative
interpretation, such that, whether they realized it themselves, Whitehead and Bergson were profoundly similar in basic
philosophical outlook.
Virtually all historians these days acknowledge the primacy
of interpretation, and the role
of philosophical assumptions in historiography, but many are (perhaps wisely) unwilling to give themselves over to philosophy as if history just is a sort
of philosophy.
Recently Western modern theologies heavily dependent upon modern
philosophical (epistemological or other) concepts for theological
interpretations; and this trend, too, neglected the religio - cultural and intellectual life
of Asian peoples for theology, while claiming universality
of Western theologies.
I disagree, rather, with the distorted
interpretations based on patriarchal social patterns and neo-platonic
philosophical systems which men have used to obscure the radical message
of the Gospel and to oppress women.15
For critical discussions
of Ogden's argument and the entire book, see Langdon B. Gilkey, «A Theology in Process,»
Interpretation, XXI, 4 (October 1967), 447 - 459; Ray L. Hart, «Schubert Ogden on the Reality
of God,» Religion In Life, XXXVI, 4 (Winter 1967), 506 - 515; Antony Flew, «Reflections on «The Reality
of God»,» The Journal
of Religion, 48, 2 (April 1968), 150 - 161: and Robert C. Neville, «Neoclassical Metaphysics and Christianity: A Critical Study
of Ogden's Reality
of God,» International
Philosophical Quarterly, IX, 4 (December 1969), 605 - 624.
Christian's third conclusion means that Whitehead's
philosophical theology is in a sense a confessional theology, i.e., a rational «explanation
of an
interpretation»
of human experience.
What is therefore necessary, according to Cobb, is a Christian natural theology: a coherent statement about the nature
of reality that recognizes its
interpretation of the facts to be decisively conditioned by the Christian tradition, yet remains content to rest its case upon purely
philosophical criteria
of truth.124 Cobb offers such a statement in his important book, A Christian Natural Theology.
What William Christian's
Interpretation has been to the
philosophical debate on Whitehead's theology, John Cobb's Natural Theology is becoming to Christian assessments
of Whitehead.
It was Whitehead's purpose in The Principle
of Relativity to offer an alternative
interpretation of relativity equivalent to Einstein's predictions; consequently, the real issue between Whitehead and Einstein is
philosophical not physical.
Beverly Harrison has applied this
philosophical perspective to a feminist
Interpretation of creativity, freedom, and relationality.
Whether and how far these reflections concerning a positive relation between spirit and matter may be significant when it is a question
of asking in
philosophical and theological terms whether an ontological connection between man and the animal kingdom asserted by the natural sciences to be a fact, is open to an explanatory
interpretation on the basis
of the nature
of spirit and matter, can only be judged after we have examined some aspects
of «becoming» in general.
I shall be as explicit as possible about the presuppositions concerning how we know what we know, and the general
philosophical ideas in relation to which this
interpretation of the Christian faith is developed.
It can not be said that this particular
interpretation of the general Christian
philosophical doctrine that all that exists whether material or spiritual, must be brought under the same concept
of being and conceived as subject to the same metaphysical norms, is the
interpretation favoured by all
philosophical schools.
Process theism, such as that
of Lewis Ford and his colleagues, seems the best present means to provide
interpretation (at once theistic and naturalistic) that extends to all events, including major evolutionary developments — and might even provide adequate theological and
philosophical basis to moderate some culture - war hostilities.
Perhaps this passage explains both how, and why, Lewis has been as fearless as he has been inflexible in pursuing his own
philosophical path, even in pursuing his own (rather than others»)
interpretations of Whitehead and process philosophy.
There is a principle, one too often ignored in its
philosophical value, which underlies the research
of all the sciences, and the
interpretation, especially the mathematical
interpretation,
of all knowledge gathered by the «exact sciences».
He shows how critics rooted in one
philosophical tradition typically interpret other traditions in ways that are different from the
interpretations of those who inhabit those traditions.
But because each book omits or compresses important metaphysical doctrines, any in - depth
interpretation of Whitehead's complete metaphysical theory must be garnered from all his metaphysical books, even from all his
philosophical works.
Another aspect
of Hall's basic
philosophical position which I question is his
interpretation of «creativity» and its relation to value.
We have also seen that the traditional Christian
interpretations of love have been largely influenced by one kind
of philosophical thought about being.
But this criticism is less impressive if we look at the theological use
of these
philosophical categories in the
interpretation of the experiences which the paradigm community considers most significant.
Rigorously undertaken, such a procedure entails an understanding
of the capacities and limitations
of philosophical reasoning and the proper use
of literary
interpretation as it applies to Scripture.
As a matter
of fact, one
of the chief difficulties that confronts the Christian theological world today concerns
interpretations of the Christian faith which contain hidden and uncriticized
philosophical assumptions that operate under the guise
of being essential ingredients
of the faith.
If faith in the Word
of God can only be the work
of the Holy Ghost operating through intelligent decision, it follows that the understanding
of the text is attainable only in systematic
interpretation, and the terminology which directs this understanding can be acquired only from profane reflection, which is the business
of the
philosophical analysis
of existence.
In times when other forces determine the
interpretations of events, nature, human life and what have you, more than religious ones do, it is, in my view, a temptation to find
philosophical, theological and ethical positions that can disengage Christians from intentional interactions with alternatives.
The second preconceived idea held by certain historians
of religions, notably that it is necessary to consult another «specialist» for the total and systematic
interpretation of religious facts, is probably explained by the
philosophical timidity
of many scholars.
9William Christian, An
Interpretation of Whitehead's Metaphysics, especially 294 - 301 (henceforth cited as IWM); Lewis Ford, «Boethius and Whitehead on Time and Eternity,» International
Philosophical Quarterly (1968), 38 - 67 (henceforth cited as BW); Lewis S. Ford, «Is Process Theism Compatible with Relativity Theory?»
You can't let outside
philosophical ideas or rabinical debates influence the
interpretation of the Bible.
If Hochschild's categories are a fair description
of the state
of New Testament
interpretation, one can see that Meeks's «sociology» is largely
of the social -
philosophical kind, as opposed to the large majority
of New Testament scholars who belong to the social - kerygmatic kind, (A significant minority is devoted to social - scientific exegesis.)
See also R. M. Hare in Antony Flew and Alasdair MacIntyre, eds., New Essays in
Philosophical Theology, pp. 99 - 103; John Wisdom, Paradox and Discovery [Oxford: Basil Blackwood, 1965], p. 43, for a thumbnail criticism; C. Ellis Nelson, Where Faith Begins [Richmond: John Knox Press, 1967], p. 9, for a strikingly similar
interpretation of «presuppositions.»)
Let me further propose the Novak rule
of philosophical interpretation.
For example, the historical and theological areas may be combined into an area described as «
Interpretation of Christianity» while the older «practical» field is divided into two, one dealing with «Church and Culture» (sociological, psychological, and
philosophical studies
of church phenomena in American culture) and the other dealing with the practice
of ministry construed as the application
of social scientific and psychological theory to clergy responsibilities.
Militant, which was formed in 1964, owed its
philosophical basis to a literal
interpretation of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Trotsky.