While this framework does claim to render possible the absolute value of
a philosophical knowledge of external reality, it might be objected that it goes too far.
To speak about God the Holy Trinity in the midst of the modern world, we have to speak also, in part at least, about human
philosophical knowledge of God, about God's simplicity, eternity, immutability, infinity, and so on.
And, clearly, it is
philosophical knowledge of reality that is most in need of defense in our time.
Not exact matches
Experientialism is defined as «the
philosophical theory that experience is the source
of knowledge.»
With a solid
philosophical foundation in Eastern Idaho practicality and a comprehensive
knowledge of the investment universe, Larsen Financial truly represents the convergence
of Wall Street and Main Street.
The whole «Tree
of Knowledge» part
of the Garden story remains a
philosophical debate within religion.
The good news is that there are other kinds
of knowledge beyond scientific
knowledge... and there are long
philosophical tracts dealing with the existence
of God (both pro and con).
Since God is internally related to the world, divine
knowledge is an immediate, sympathetic awareness (see, e.g., Hartshorne, «
Philosophical and Religious Uses
of «God» «in Process Theology: Basic Writings, edited by Ewert Cousins, page 109; also see Schubert Ogden, «The Reality
of God,» p. 123
of the same volume and Jantzen 1984, 81 ff.).
In Richardson's book there are seven chapters ranging from an examination
of Newman's early
philosophical stance, the influences that formed him and led him to coherence in the development
of his approach to
knowledge and commitment, to his teaching on apprehension, assent, inference and the illative sense.
By contrast, those responsible for ruling, the «philosopher kings,» were to be «cultured» in a way that formed in them the «
philosophical virtue» that was grounded in
knowledge of the Good itself and not, as were the guardians» virtues, simply trained into them by custom and practice.
But the experience
of metaphysical
knowledge,
of self - consciousness and self - awareness,
of moral conscience,
of liberty, or
of aesthetic and religious experience — these must be analyzed through
philosophical reflection, while theology seeks to clarify the ultimate meaning
of the Creator's designs.
Lewontin, a Marxist whose
philosophical sophistication exceeds that
of Sagan by several orders
of magnitude, came to see the issue as essentially one
of basic intellectual commitment rather than factual
knowledge.
Kierkegaard often employs story to carry some
of his major
philosophical themes, such as the contrast between experiential and theoretical
knowledge.
To attempt to justify this by transforming the epistemological problem
of «uncertainty» into an ontological fact is simply a way
of mobilizing the present limits
of scientific
knowledge in order to assert an arbitrary
philosophical thesis.
I have yet to see where you have offered any shred
of your wisdom or
knowledge of Greek philosophy or any other
philosophical schools, for that matter.
Gods will is for us humans today to evolved to a level
of conciousness that will prepare us for the challenges
of our future survival, Scientists now predicts
of hardships in the future due to over population and changes to the natural environment.and that is happening now with activists through out the world are reminding us
of protecting nature.That is why we need a phsychological revolution to hasten the evolution
of consciousness that will address the problems.Ideological and
philosophical enlightenment had the past great minds to develop ideas and belief because God sent them to reality in their times.Abraham, Jesus, Mohammad, Buddha, and many other religious leaders to teach humanity the doctrines that God willed to be appropriate and applicable in those periods
of their existence, Also great philosophers in another dimension
of social involvement were born to interprete and connect philosophically as the second element
of our conscience, Kant, Marx and countless
of them also were born.To complete the triangular structure or dimension
of our conscience is
knowledge.
In
philosophical theology, where the primary facts are the hard - core common - sense facts, the facts are already «known» unconsciously, in the sense
of being presupposed in practice; but rational reflection can lead to the conscious
knowledge of such principles.
Sounds like you only base your criticism on one religious /
philosophical branch
of the tree
of knowledge.
«His work in philosophy forms part, and a very important part,
of the movement
of twentieth - century realism; but whereas the other leaders
of that movement came to it after a training in late - nineteenth - century idealism, and are consequently realistic with the fanaticism
of converts and morbidly terrified
of relapsing into the sins
of their youth, a fact which gives their work an air
of strain, as if they cared less about advancing
philosophical knowledge than about proving themselves good enemies
of idealism, Whitehead's work is perfectly free from all this sort
of thing, and he suffers from no obsessions; obviously he does not care what he says, so long as it is true.
Although his way
of working this out may not appeal to us, with our quite different scientific
knowledge, and our own
philosophical idiom, the point here is that Aquinas, like the other theologians
of the great Christian tradition, was no «spiritualist», denying or minimizing the material world and the physical body and their ways
of working.
I can not discuss them all here, but the following references are a start: Theodore de Laguna, review
of The Principles
of Natural
Knowledge in
Philosophical Review, 29 (1920), 269; Bertrand Russell, review
of Science and the Modern World in Nation and Athenaeum, 39 (May 29,1926), 207; Charles Hartshorne, Creativity in American Philosophy (New York: Paragon House, 1984), 5,32,279 - 280; and even though Stephen Pepper believes both Whitehead and Bergson are mistaken in their views, he believes they are extremely similar: see Pepper, Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis (LaSalle: Open Court, 1967), 340 - 341.
His idea
of a «new synthesis», proposed mainly in his book Catholicism: A New Synthesis and developed in his many theological and
philosophical essays, was an attempt to grapple precisely with the issues we have spoken
of: the post-Cartesian «turn to the subject» (that is: the loss
of faith in the objectivity
of knowledge and the subsequent exclusive concern
of philosophy with the self and the subjective idea as the norm
of «truth») and the philosophy
of evolution with its implications for a dynamic rather than a static universe.
While well - acquainted with the tradition
of philosophical reflection on the soul and its relationship to the body, Fr Selman's
knowledge of recent scientific research relevant to his subject appears less impressive and his terminology, and even some
of his ideas and arguments, can therefore appear outdated or irrelevant.
From a
philosophical perspective, there are numerous other options, including middle
knowledge, and
knowledge of counterfactuals, and even the omniscient
knowledge of all possible future events without
knowledge of which future event will actually occur.
This decisiveness and completeness
of acceptance is prevented when we become entangled with questions about how it is related to scientific
knowledge and
philosophical speculations.
Consequently, our acceptance
of supernatural faith (by grace alone) is in harmony with modern historical reasoning and
philosophical reflection on the ordinary human transmission
of knowledge.
In that case science must provide answers, but to do this, it must invoke scientism, a
philosophical doctrine which asserts arbitrarily that
knowledge comes only through the methods
of investigation available to the natural sciences.
Josiah Royce with a quite different
philosophical orientation from Ritschl expressed the same truth when he described the Church as the community which is sustained by its memory
of the atoning deed
of Jesus.21 What is supremely important here is that
knowledge of God's forgiveness does not depend upon a private and subjective illumination
of the individual believer alone.
(See W.D. Hudson, «Discernment Situations: Some
Philosophical Difficulties,» Scottish Journal
of Theology, XIX (Dec. 1966), pp. 435 - 45, for some criticisms
of these
knowledge claims.)
p. 144, quoting Ellul: «The Hebrew Bible (even the wisdom books) is not a
philosophical construction or a system
of knowledge.
The more limited a sphere
of knowledge is, and the more peripheral its
philosophical significance in relation to man, the less directly, therefore, it concerns man himself and what essentially defines his own existence, the more readily
of course the teaching
of the faith can be viewed as a mere norma negativa in regard to that science.
The sophisms
of the substantiality
of the «I» even today retain a particular luster, along with the Nietzschean and Freudian critiques
of the subject; it is not without importance to find the root and
philosophical meaning
of them in the Kantian dialectic; this latter has condemned in advance any claim to dogmatize on personal existence and
knowledge of the person; the person is manifested only in the practical act
of treating it as an end and not merely as a means.
We are urged to believe various doctrines concerning the incarnation, the atonement, and the resurrection
of Christ for which
philosophical evidence or argument is quite inadequate, on the grounds that in these religious matters human
knowledge can never suffice.
For Wilson these roots and some
of this
knowledge are themselves guided by what he believes are the universal and eternal principles
of Darwinian evolutionary theory Wilson never acknowledges that, by relying on that theory and by generalizing it, he subscribes to principles that transcend particular histories just as surely as do the ideas
of the theological and
philosophical transcendentalists.
In spite
of all our modern sophistication, scientific
knowledge, technological expertise,
philosophical wisdom and traditional forms
of spirituality, it is from these basic instincts for survival and regeneration that the new path
of faith will come.
He also says that, for any
knowledge of God beyond «the bare outline
of the dimensions
of his being,» we must look to empirical science and theology.6 This, says he, is the reason why purely
philosophical theology can say nothing about such pivotal religious doctrines as sin, grace, and forgiveness.
In Adamson's account, Augustine's legacy looms largest in this era because he had the courage to announce a redefinition
of philosophy that required «self -
knowledge as involving not just duality but trinity,» and a resistance to any remnant
of paganism — that is, anything that does not lead us «away from sin and self - interest to a truly «
philosophical» way
of life.»
Thus the fundamental category
of ontology, that
of something, is a
philosophical category insofar as it brings into play a relationship both
of sameness and
of difference with respect to
knowledge of what it denotes.
Hence, insofar as instantiations
of Spirit, namely, ontological totalities
of various kinds up to and including the universe as a whole, are structured like Whiteheadian societies, then absolute
knowledge such as Hegel envisions as a result
of his own
philosophical system is metaphysically impossible.
Actually not every thing is equally related to the concept
of knowledge and to know - ability, even though ii is also true that precisely as something and as an object
of knowledge it must somehow enjoy equal status with everything else with respect to conceptual comprehension.5 The differing internal relations
of the objects
of knowledge to the concept
of knowledge establishes the relevance
of these as
philosophical objects.
There is a principle, one too often ignored in its
philosophical value, which underlies the research
of all the sciences, and the interpretation, especially the mathematical interpretation,
of all
knowledge gathered by the «exact sciences».
In the
philosophical tradition the metaphysicians have usually taken one
of two opposing routes to the
knowledge of what it means to be.
This is the way followed by some thinkers, for example, A. N. Whitehead in a series
of books, The Principles
of Natural
Knowledge, The Concept
of Nature, and Science and the Modern World; by Milic Capek in his The
Philosophical Impact
of Contemporary Physics; and by C. F. von Weizsäicker in his recent Die Einheit der Natur, as well as other books
of his — this list is intended as illustrative, not exhaustive.
Barth claimed that such
knowledge was impossible and an obstacle to true
knowledge by faith (the analogia fidei), because it tempts us to substitute a
philosophical construction for authentic revelation
of the living God.
I know the types
of theology above are not comprehensive, and are also based on Greek
philosophical ideas for the arrangement
of knowledge.
The Universe, known and unknown, is possibly not the most used definition
of God, at least in the western world... but it is the Pantheistic version that jives so much more with science and is not a misappropriation
of the smaller definitions
of God, merely an unfamiliar definition to those with less
knowledge of various more advanced religious and philosophic thought, within and outside those religions... The idea
of Pantheism also thoughtfully considers why there is, rather than ridiculing, such a wide range
of philosophical and ritual beliefs from a scientific perspective... without having to classify large groups
of people, as senseless idiots from one end or destined for hell from the other.
Far from claiming to be Kantian, Bergson at least claims to be diametrically opposed to the necessary relegation
of human
knowledge (either scientific or
philosophical) to the sphere
of the merely phenomenal.
The following mediation
of the
knowledge of this
philosophical development enables us to understand why Whitehead, in a series
of theoretical starting points, their rejections, and theoretical improvements, reluctantly abandons both hitherto plausible starting points from commonsensical thought and the dominant conventional forms
of thought in philosophy.
Such, then, is the object, method and limit
of philosophical knowledge.
The extremes
of the spectrum axe probably marked by those who totally reserve the term «
knowledge» for
philosophical claims while relegating science to the realm
of the conventional and the fictional, and those who run philosophy out
of court while proclaiming that science is the measure
of all things.