Evident from the writings of Socrates and Lao Tzu, cultural divergences in ancient Western and East Asian
philosophical views of the self are thought to have emerged early in human history (Markus & Kitayama 1991; Triandis 1995; Nisbett et al. 2001).
Human actions are dominated by the religious and
philosophical views of each culture.
Once more, the difference runs as deep as the opposing
philosophical views of the «world» that the two theologies hold.
A person's
philosophical view of happiness and suffering, obligation and sacrifice, is where it all begins.
More adequate is
the philosophical view of critical realism, which combines ontological realism, epistemic perspectivalism, and judgmental rationality.
The most important characteristic of afterlife derived from
this philosophical view of the soul is that it is conscious.
The Conservative ex-minister, who currently holds the higher education portfolio in David Cameron's shadow Cabinet, takes
a philosophical view of the rigours of being out of government.
Not exact matches
The process
of developing criteria for The Long
View began with a
philosophical adjustment.
Rather than drone on about supply tightness and healthy demand (which we have discussed many times before here, here, here, here, and here), the point
of this note is more
philosophical and intended to offer insights into how to
view the lithium space out over the next 18 to 24 months.
I understand «Pascal's Wager» very well, but it is taken from a
philosophical (man's earthly) point
of view, mine is not... mine is taken from a point
of faith.
One
of the glories
of science is that people come together to do it who have all sorts
of religious beliefs,
philosophical views, cultural backgrounds, and political opinions.
Although at times Hartshorne has spoken as though his account
of experience rested on some intuition
of its essence as exhibited in his own experience, 2 his predominant
view and his
philosophical practice advance a concept
of experience that is generated by dialectical argument rather than by appeal to direct introspection or intuition: «The philosopher, as Whitehead says, is the «critic
of abstractions.»
In his fair and generally sympathetic review
of my book Bergson and Modern Physics, David Sipfle raised some important and significant questions which clearly show how extremely complex the questions concerning the nature
of time are and how difficult it is to agree on their solutions even for those who share a basic
philosophical view.
Here is a splendid example
of a seemingly strong (empirical) case for a
philosophical view, a case which is nevertheless inconclusive, and indeed can be opposed by perhaps a still stronger though non-empirical case.
Though seminary faculties like to affirm, in principle, a relationship between Christian theology and the life
of the church, academic theology tends to
view the ministering congregation as an addendum to the really interesting issues
of ethics,
philosophical and political theology, or social policy.
The Folly
of Scientism Austin L Hughes, a professor
of biology at the University
of South Carolina, has written a perceptive, thought - provoking article in The New Atlantis magazine, concurring with my own
view of current
philosophical trends in popular scientific presentations.2 One
of these trends is «scientism», the
view that science is the only source
of truth and reality.
Maimonides is the first
of them to ascribe specific
philosophical views to Job and to the other speakers in the dialogue.
In the first draft
of Catholicism, now published thanks to Fr Nesbitt as Matter and Mind, we find a fuller discussion than Catholicism offers
of Fr Holloway's
view of this
philosophical movement and its challenge to Christian belief.
Pacioni himself tells us that throughout his book he has «tried to reconstruct the framework
of Augustine's speculation in all
of its most original
philosophical traits, following
philosophical and logical - linguistic suggestions performing a point by point analysis
of the texts not only from a philological but also a historiographical, cultural and logical - formal point
of view» (p. xix).
«The term can refer to theological accounts
of the world as God's creation; or to
philosophical reflection on the categories
of space and time; or to observational and theoretical study
of the structure and evolution
of the physical universe; or, finally, to «world
views»: unified imaginative perceptions
of how the world seems and where we stand in it» (Tracy and Lash, vii).
Not knowing me personally or the
philosophical path I've traveled down to reach my
views, I will give you benefit
of the doubt and chalk that comment up to ignorance (not saying this in the mean spirited sense).
For this reason I would engage now in more detail with his presentation
of a prominent
philosophical tradition from the point
of view of the different one presented by the Faith movement.
And attempts to restore religious freedom to its proper
philosophical place, as something like the sine qua non
of freedom itself, presuppose just the
view of human nature and reason that our post-Christian liberalism rejects from the outset.
He also offered the outlines
of a
philosophical and theological «new synthesis», which, in our
view, meets all the CiV criteria we have just noted.
Above all, Heidegger's existentialist analysis
of the ontological structure
of being would seem to be no more than a secularized,
philosophical version
of the New Testament
view of human life.
«2 Therefore, philosophy
of religion must balance itself between the extremes
of a philosophy that cuts itself off from religious experience and a religious stance that segregates itself from
philosophical reflection.3 The search for a philosophy
of religion is a search for total world -
view in which the idea
of God encountered in human history is thoroughly integrated.
In a recent interpretation
of Hegel's philosophy
of religion Emil L. Fackenheim rejects Kierkegaard's
view that Hegel's philosophy is destructive
of religion, and argues that Hegel seeks to penetrate «the relation between rational self - activity and religious receptivity to the divine and the relation
of philosophical self - activity to both.
Process thought is usually defined in one
of three ways: (1) as any
view of reality that is dynamic and relational and based on the findings
of modern science, (2) identified with «the Chicago School,» the University
of Chicago Divinity School, both in its earlier phase
of applying evolutionary theory to historical research, seeing religion as a dynamic movement that reconstitutes itself in response to felt needs, as well as its later
philosophical phase, and (3) synonymous with the philosophy
of Whitehead and Hartshorne.
John Calvin under Augustine's influence explicitly says that God wills every event.17 The criticism we are making
of St. Augustine can be made from more than one
philosophical point
of view.
In what is to follow I will examine those strands
of Craig's
philosophical argument for the
view that the universe began to exist which seem to be the strongest.
Consequently, the system ideal, like the notion
of personal identity sketched in (ii), is perhaps better
viewed as a regulative principle guiding
philosophical reflection than as a
philosophical reality that we can appropriate and elucidate in the present.
If the divine is now used to give the
view a supposedly greater
philosophical coherence, then I inevitably reach the sort
of conclusion implied by Hartshorne's bodily cells with their «little experiences or feelings.»
Say what one will about the dubious quality
of Heidegger's judgment here, the problem for his interpreters seems to remain one
of demonstrating that his later
philosophical views are any less dubious than his earlier ones — especially as they are rooted in the manner in which he lived.
The third trend is characterized by (1) a clearer methodological consciousness concerning the field, purpose, and method
of the sociology
of religion; (2) a profounder understanding
of the nature
of religious communion; (3) a rapprochement between students
of religion from theological and
philosophical points
of view, and
of students
of society.6 Outstanding are the works
of Raoul de la Grasserie and H. Pinard de la Boullaye, S. J.,
of Roger Bastide and Robert Will.
Yet this
view of nature is in fact derivative from an expressly Christian
view of the world expressed in
philosophical rather than in exclusively theological or scriptural terms.
Biologists as basically different in their
philosophical and biological
views as W. H. Thorpe and Jacques Monod agree that the origin
of life is a difficult, and thus far intractable and unsolved, problem.
But in most
philosophical discussion, he observes, realism usually means a commitment to the correspondence theory
of truth, the law
of the excluded middle and a nonepistemic
view of truth.
It is, in particular, the second
of evangelicalism's two tenets, i. e., Biblical authority, that sets evangelicals off from their fellow Christians.8 Over against those wanting to make tradition co-normative with Scripture; over against those wanting to update Christianity by conforming it to the current
philosophical trends; over against those who
view Biblical authority selectively and dissent from what they find unreasonable; over against those who would understand Biblical authority primarily in terms
of its writers» religious sensitivity or their proximity to the primal originating events
of the faith; over against those who would consider Biblical authority subjectively, stressing the effect on the reader, not the quality
of the source — over against all these, evangelicals believe the Biblical text as written to be totally authoritative in all that it affirms.
A general review
of the endnotes from Gunter's paper reveals a fair number
of sources who will corroborate the claim that Bergson's scientific
views are nor only not outdated, but go very» much to the heart
of current scientific methods and insights, but particularly, see A. C. Papanicolaou and Pete A. N. Gunter, eds., Bergson in Modern Thought Towards a Unified Science (New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987), and for important background on how Bergson came to be seen as dated when he was not, see also, Milic Capek, Bergson and Modern Physics, (cited above) and The
Philosophical Impact
of Contemporary Physics (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1961), and the volume edited by Gunter, Bergson and the Evolution
of Physics (cited above).
At the risk
of even greater brevity but in the hope
of a clear capsule
view, I set forth my own model: fundamental theology is that discipline which consists in
philosophical reflection upon the meanings present in our common human experience and in the Christian fact.
Hegel offers such a
view at a level
of considerable
philosophical abstraction; millenarian believers offer another, very different, version
of such a
view.
I can not discuss them all here, but the following references are a start: Theodore de Laguna, review
of The Principles
of Natural Knowledge in
Philosophical Review, 29 (1920), 269; Bertrand Russell, review
of Science and the Modern World in Nation and Athenaeum, 39 (May 29,1926), 207; Charles Hartshorne, Creativity in American Philosophy (New York: Paragon House, 1984), 5,32,279 - 280; and even though Stephen Pepper believes both Whitehead and Bergson are mistaken in their
views, he believes they are extremely similar: see Pepper, Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis (LaSalle: Open Court, 1967), 340 - 341.
The condition requisite for healing it always this about - face, and from a purely
philosophical point
of view it might be a subtle question whether it is possible for one to be in despair with full consciousness
of what it is about which one despairs.)
In this paper I shall develop a
view of perception from the partial theory to be found in Whitehead's early
philosophical writings and defend it against objections which led Whitehead himself to replace it later with a somewhat different theory.1 Development
of the Early Theory The first phase or moment
of perception is sense - awareness (CN...
This overweening confidence grew out
of a theology which had a superficial
view of man's sinfulness, which identified the Kingdom
of God with current political and
philosophical ideals, and which pictured man as having a «spark
of the divine» in him and thus capable
of his own salvation.
(New York:
Philosophical Library, 1950) traces the history
of panpsychism and presents Hartshorne's
view of it.
It deals with Christology and the doctrine
of God, as well as prayer, the resurrection, heaven, etc. and it provides a general introduction to Whitehead's thought.128 The Task
of Philosophical Theology by C. J. Curtis, a Lutheran theologian, is a process exposition
of numerous «theological notions» important to the «conservative, traditional» Christian viewpoint.129 Two very fine semi-popular introductions to process philosophy as a context for Christian theology are The Creative Advance by E. H. Peters130 and Process Thought and Christian Faith by Norman Pittenger.131 The latter, reflecting the concerns
of a theologian, provides a concise introduction to the process
view of God together with briefer comments on man, Christ, and «eternal life.»
«6 Indeed, during the decade following publication
of Whitehead's major
philosophical works, a variety
of theologians, both in the United States and in Great Britain, were responsive to the new
views articulated by Whitehead and made considerable use
of many general features
of his philosophy in constructing their own theologies.
The contributions
of Christian, Hartshorne and several others to the current
philosophical development
of process theology are probably best
viewed in the context
of certain important problems
of process theism.
Since 1950,
philosophical discussions
of Whitehead's
view of God have been influenced primarily by Charles Hartshorne and William Christian.50 Hartshorne has continued to develop and apply the doctrines
of panpsychism and panentheism explained in Part One.