We therefore study functions of kinetochore proteins and spatio - temporal control of kinase /
phosphatase signaling complexes, in particular those involved in attachment error - correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint.
Not exact matches
«Two components of the pathway, the
phosphatase PTPD2 and the lipid PA, are together required for HER2
signaling to function in mammary epithelial cells.»
When Tonks and colleagues knocked down expression of the
phosphatase PTPD2, the acini returned to their normal shape (right), even when HER2
signaling was activated.
Transmission of
signals in a cell is controlled by the coordinated activity of two families of enzymes: protein tyrosine kinases, which add a phosphate group to proteins, and protein tyrosine
phosphatases, which remove them.
Recent studies such as ours, however, establish protein
phosphatases as positive and essential regulators of
signal transduction, with remarkable substrate specificity and coordinated activities.
Similarly, Bernaudin et al. [43] found increased expression of 18 genes in the neonatal rat brain following hypoxia (8 % O2 for 3 h) including several known hypoxia inducible genes such as MAP kinase
phosphatase - 1 (MKP - 1), several HIF - 1 target genes including VEGF and GLUT - 1, genes implicated in apoptosis,
signal transduction molecules, and transcription factors.
Nicholas Tonks Posttranslational modification; phosphorylation;
phosphatases;
signal transduction; protein structure and function
The inositol 5 -
phosphatase SHIP - 1 and adaptors Dok - 1 and 2 play central roles in CD4 - mediated inhibitory
signaling % U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165247812000594.
Structurally distinct
phosphatases CD45 and CD148 both regulate B cell and macrophage immunoreceptor
signaling.
c - Jun controls the efficiency of MAP kinase
signaling by transcriptional repression of MAP kinase
phosphatases.
Ligand binding to inhibitory killer cell Ig - like receptors induce colocalization with Src homology domain 2 - containing protein tyrosine
phosphatase 1 and interruption of ongoing activation
signals.
The inositol 5 -
phosphatase SHIP - 1 and adaptors Dok - 1 and 2 play central roles in CD4 - mediated inhibitory
signaling.
Activated ERK1 / 2 modulates the functions of several transcription factors, protein kinases, protein
phosphatases, cytoskeletal proteins,
signaling molecules, apoptosis - related proteins, as well as other types of proteins [32], while activated AKT modulates the function of numerous substrates involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell cycle progression and cellular growth [33, 34], whereas JNK acts as pro-apoptotic as well as anti-apoptotic depending on the conditions [35].
CD45 is a pan-leukocyte protein with tyrosine
phosphatase activity involved in the regulation of
signal transduction in hematopoiesis.
Western blot analysis showed that phosphoinositide - dependent protein kinase 1, the upstream kinase that phosphorylates Akt, and several
phosphatases (
phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, protein
phosphatase 1, and protein
phosphatase 2A), known as negative regulators of the PI3K / Akt
signaling pathway, were unchanged upon VPA treatment (Supplemental Fig. 4E), indicating that VPA might act on Akt directly.
Journal coverage includes basic
signaling interests (e.g. neurotransmitters, ions and ion channels, receptors and messenger molecules, and kinases /
phosphatases), as well as electrical
signaling,
signaling in neural circuits, neuroimaging,
signaling aspects of pathologies, synaptic transmission and plasticity, and therapeutic intervention.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular -
signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN,
phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting
More recently, we elucidated an additional mechanism of tumor suppression mediated by canonical ephrin - induced EphA2
signaling (Figure 1A), which leads to inhibition of the AKT - mTORC1 oncogenic pathway through interplay of EphA2 with a
phosphatase that dephosphorylates the AKT serine / threonine kinase.
We confirmed the ability of Fgf
signalling to regulate the V+S + population by treating suspension cultures with the
phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate to stimulate the FGF / Grb2 / Mek pathway.
In contrast, loss of adhesion induced the
phosphatases Dusp4 and -5 (Map - kinase
phosphatases), which are inhibitors of the MAP - kinase
signaling pathway, whereas contact inhibition induced the quiescent cell - specific transcription inhibitor E2F4.
The insulin receptor
signaling cascade is inhibited by several
phosphatases, including protein tyrosine
phosphatase 1B (PTB 1B),
phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and SH2 - domain - containing inositol
phosphatase (SHIP2), all of which are inactivated by ROS.
Changes in the thiol / disulfide redox status (discussed in Part II of this review in relation to the connections among homocysteine, methylation and transsulfuration) can also significantly inhibit the activity of the redox - sensitive
phosphatases that regulate insulin
signaling.
Zinc is involved in insulin
signaling by inhibiting the enzyme protein tyrosine
phosphatase to increase phosphorylation of the insulin receptor.
In contrast to NCED, the expression of PP2C, a
phosphatase involved in ABA
signal transduction, decreased toward the end of the growing season (post-hoc P < 0.05).