Increased application of rTMS corresponded with a reduction in intensity of visual
phosphene hallucinations and was reflected in altered blood oxygen level - dependent signal; fMRI revealed focal excitatory discharges at the border of the lesion, highlighting the origin of phosphenes.
This study provided Class IV evidence in a single - case report that multi-day rTMS reduced intra-hemispheric and inter-hemispheric imbalance and associated visual
phosphene hallucinations following occipital stroke.
Rafique and colleagues (2016) examined the effectiveness of multi-day rTMS to the occipital cortex in a patient with continuous visual
phosphene hallucinations for more than 2 years following occipital stroke.
The authors concluded that this case was rare in its presentation of chronic continuous visual
phosphene hallucinations following occipital stroke.