Adding
phosphine gas (PH3) and heating caused phosphorus atoms, which are conducting, to bind to these exposed areas of silicon.
One significant difference is the abundance
of phosphine in Jupiter's atmosphere.
The most promising silver
thiocyanate phosphine complex among these, called UJ3 for short, has been successfully tested in rats and in human cancer cells in the laboratory.
This makes UJ3 and other silver
phosphine complexes we have tested about as toxic as Vitamin C,» says Professor Reinout Meijboom, Head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Johannesburg.
The absence of a
strong phosphine signal in the spectrum of WISE 0855 implies that it has a less turbulent atmosphere.
Phosphine forms in the hot interior of the planet and reacts to form other compounds in the cooler outer atmosphere, so its appearance in the spectrum is evidence of turbulent mixing in Jupiter's atmosphere.
The scientists came up with a surprisingly simple ligand structure resembling natural hydrogenase enzymes with a twist from
typical phosphine catalysts.
Other catalysts use cheaper metals such as iron or cobalt but require a phosphorus - based molecule —
called phosphine - surrounding the metal.
«Size - dependent Stability toward Dissociation and Ligand Binding Energies of
Phosphine Ligated Gold Cluster Ions.»
The main drawbacks of this study were: (i) single - case design, and (ii) the inability to refine stimulation intensity and duration to attain
maximal phosphine suppression.
Additionally, volatile P (
as phosphine) was assumed to have an average value of 8.8 × 10 − 6 mg kg − 1 of PH3 in fecal materials43.
In a warm
environment phosphine can be similar to the density of air, and easily inhaled by a baby sleeping on its back.
This poison reacts with stomach gases to
make phosphine gas, which causes drooling, nausea, bloating, vomiting, shock, seizures, liver damage, lung damage, and death.
They honed in on the use
of phosphines, which, for the scientifically challenged, are organic chemical compounds containing a phosphorous atom bound to the hydrogen or to the carbon of an organic group, synthesised with functional groups attached.
The gases concerned are
phosphines, arsines and stibines, all extremely toxic nerve gases.
Most of these gases (
phosphine is an exception, details below) remain in a thin layer on the baby's crib and diffuse away.
This anion offers an entry point to value - added organophosphorus chemicals such as primary and secondary alkyl
phosphines, and thus to organophosphinates, and can also be used to prepare phosphine gas and the hexafluorophosphate anion, all previously available only downstream from white phosphorus.
These include acetone, the active ingredient in nail polish remover, and
phosphine, a widely used insecticide.
Then molecule curls around the palladium atom, displacing
its phosphines, in just such a way as to bring the two loose ends of the molecule together.
When this has occurred, the palladium atom is squeezed out of the centre of the ring, recombines with
its phosphines and is ready to repeat the process on another molecule.
The scientists initially looked for inspiration within the natural world: hydrogenation is a reaction that occurs in many organisms that would not have access to precious metals or
phosphines.
Phosphines are not always stable around oxygen and sometimes burn violently in an air atmosphere, which presents another problem for the practical applications.
«A baby sleeping face down will breathe this gas directly and is more likely to inhale a lethal dose,» says this this article in Midwifery Today, adding that «babies sleeping on their backs are still exposed to the lighter nerve gasses: arsine and
phosphine.
18 The Codex Recommended International Code of Hygienic Practice for Tree Nuts also notes that fumigation with methyl bromide or
phosphine can be used to control insects in stored nuts, stating that «it may be necessary to repeat fumigation periodically depending on the conditions and duration of storage.»