Two
pigmentation genes in particular are often associated with deafness in dogs: the merle gene (seen in the collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Dappled Dachshund, Harlequin Great Dane, American Foxhound, Old English Sheepdog, and Norwegian Dunkerhound among others) and the piebald gene (Bull Terrier, Samoyed, Greyhound, Great Pyrenees, Sealyham Terrier, Beagle, Bulldog, Dalmatian, English Setter).
Not exact matches
Another reason why a baby might have Heterochromia iridium or Heterochromia iridis is Waardenburg syndrome
in which a
gene mutation occurs, causing changes
in the
pigmentation levels of the hair, iris and skin.
Previous studies of a skin
pigmentation gene called MC1R had led many geneticists to think that dark skin colour — which is thought to protect against UV damage — is a fixed and consistent trait
in all people of African descent.
More than a hundred sites
in the genome showed strong evidence of recent selection, including
genes that affect muscle tissue, hair, hearing, immune - system function, skin
pigmentation, sense of smell, and the body's response to heat stress.
«Our work helps us to understand what causes human diversity
in appearance by showing how
genes involved
in pigmentation subtly adapted to external environments and even social interactions during our evolution.
We identify previously uncharacterized
genes and variants associated with skin
pigmentation in ethnically diverse Africans.
Joint lead author Professor Manfred Kayser from Erasmus MC said: «Besides substantially increasing our understanding of human
pigmentation genetics
in general, finding these new hair colour
genes is also important for further increasing the accuracy of hair colour prediction from DNA traces
in future forensic applications, which can help to find unknown perpetrators of crime.»
Variation
in pigmentation among human populations may reflect local adaptation to regional light environments, because dark skin is more photoprotective, whereas pale skin aids the production of vitamin D. Although
genes associated with skin
pigmentation have been identified
in European populations, little is known about the genetic basis of skin
pigmentation in Africans.
The researchers also looked at the
gene expression of skin cells from people with psoriasis and found decreased expression of the
genes involved
in pigmentation signaling, correlated with increased amounts of IL - 17 and TNF.
In its normal form, the
gene produces a hormone that inhibits eating and also influences hair
pigmentation.
Several different variants are all uniquely associated with
pigmentation near these
genes, and variants
in these
genes have been associated with
pigmentation in animals.
In addition, the researchers found some unexpected insights into particular
genes associated with
pigmentation.
The two groups, they found, had different versions of a crucial
gene, one that coded for a protein involved
in pigmentation.
«If you can find a
gene for blond hair that exists
in Melanesia and nowhere else,» Myles says, «then there's no reason why those sorts of
genes don't exist all over world
in underrepresented populations, and affect not only hair
pigmentation, but also disease - related traits.»
The authors report that
genes encoding heme synthetic enzymes (that generate porphyrin intermediates) are expressed
in pigment cells, and the first three enzymes
in the heme synthetic pathway are also required for proper
pigmentation.
Compared with the ancestral lineage, the East African cichlid genomes possess: an excess of
gene duplications; alterations
in regulatory, non-protein-coding elements
in the genome; accelerated evolution of protein - coding elements, especially
in genes for
pigmentation; and other distinct features that affect
gene expression, such as insertions of transposable elements and regulation by novel microRNAs.
We also show that
genes involved
in skeletal morphology have changed more than expected on the Neandertal evolutionary lineage whereas
genes involved
in pigmentation and behavior have changed more on the modern human lineage.
Mutations
in the
genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are largely responsible for European
pigmentation, showing only single amino acid differences between Europeans and West Africans.
But rather than changes
in doublesex itself, these studies revealed changes
in downstream targets of dsx, via changes to specific DNA sequences to which DSX protein binds
in the cis - regulatory regions of the bric - a-brac and desatF
genes and affecting sex differences
in abdominal
pigmentation and pheromone production.
Among the changes Gantz inserted
in his flies with CRISPR was a
gene for yellow
pigmentation.
From the European Commission Research & Innovation website: «Scientists identify
gene behind blood orange
pigmentation», Researchers
in China, Italy and the United Kingdom have discovered what
gene is responsible for blood orange
pigmentation, and how it is controlled.
Approximately 15
genes have been directly associated with skin
pigmentation variation
in humans, leading to its characterization as a relatively simple trait.
In addition, the data reveal that this was a more genetically diverse population than the central and western European hunter - gatherers living during the same epoch and that they also show pattern of adaptation to high latitude environments, including high frequencies of low
pigmentation variants as well as a
gene region associated with physical performance, which shows strong continuity into modern - day northern Europeans.
In their study, researchers gave the name Ruby to the gene they identified as playing a key role in the pigmentation of the blood orang
In their study, researchers gave the name Ruby to the
gene they identified as playing a key role
in the pigmentation of the blood orang
in the
pigmentation of the blood orange.
All these things like; skin
pigmentation, eye color, certain diseases are the result of our parent's
genes which present
in our body.
Siberian Huskies have a specific
gene that causes a loss of
pigmentation in the irises but not the coat, which is why Huskies can have dark coats and blue eyes.
In addition to affecting coat colors,
genes also control
pigmentation of the total body including the eyes and skin as well as coat color.
Dogs with green eyes and the Merle
gene also have less
pigmentation in the iris of the eye, which can affect their eyesight.
The same study found that
in Shetland Sheepdogs a mutation of the
pigmentation gene known as Silver (or Silv) is probably responsible for the merle pattern.
In this case the deafness is neither dominant nor recessive, but is linked to a dominant
gene that disrupts
pigmentation and as a secondary effect produces deaf dogs.
The researchers have shown that Synechococcus cyanobacteria — which use light to capture carbon dioxide from the air and produce energy for the marine food chain — contain specific
genes which alters their
pigmentation depending on the type of light
in which they float.