Comparison of any pair of
placental samples to controls yielded p > 0.05
We reasoned that any lineages that were seen in
placental samples extracted by both methods, but less abundant or absent in controls, would be candidates (though we note that there is evidence for occasional recovery of different lineages dependent on the DNA purification kit used [24]-RRB-.
In the qPCR analysis, both
the placental samples and contamination controls yielded quite low values, with no clear signal in
the placental samples above negative controls.
Although we could readily detect distinctive microbial signatures in oral and vaginal samples, we were unable to distinguish
placental samples from contamination controls using our data.
We quantified total 16S rRNA gene copies using quantitative PCR and found that
placental samples and negative controls contained low and indistinguishable copy numbers.
For samples purified using the PSP kit,
all placental samples and background controls contained Sediminibacterium, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Methylobacterium, and Propionibacterium.
Not exact matches
All
samples except the cayenne powder, Tabasco and
placental tissues were of whole chiles, including seeds.
As early as the first trimester, doctors can take a
sample of
placental tissue (chorionic villus
sampling, or CVS) to detect whether a baby has the genes that would lead to sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait.
West Nile virus and Powassan virus also replicated, or multiplied, more efficiently than the alphaviruses in lab
samples of human
placental tissue.
Iwasaki and colleagues next added type I interferon to
samples of human
placental tissue in dishes.
One of the largest studies carried out to date in order to determine mercury levels in umbilical cord blood
samples and its association with different reproductive effects: measurements of fetal development (weight, height and head circumference at birth),
placental weight, duration of pregnancy and risk of premature birth.
Both amniocentesis and chorionic villus
sampling (another invasive procedure that collects
placental cells from within the womb) carry a 1 percent risk of miscarriage.
At the moment, prenatal diagnosis for a small number of genetic conditions is usually done from fetal cells that doctors capture from fluid in the womb (amniocentesis) or a snippet of
placental tissue (chorionic villus
sampling).
Both studies are ongoing and the full data analyses, including results from
samples collected after pregnancy and
placental malaria, are expected to be completed by Mid-2017.
We analyzed
samples from oral, vaginal, and
placental sites from six deliveries of healthy babies.
In summary, all
placental and negative control
samples were at the extreme low end of the range detectable by qPCR (Additional file 2: Figure S1A — C).
Enrichment of bacterial lineages detected reproducibly in
placental or oral
samples.
For the
placental and background contamination
samples, results diverged radically and were associated with the kit used to purify the DNA.
For both purification methods, we conclude that
placental and control
samples showed low and indistinguishable numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies.
Some mother - infant pairs had negative test results for maternal,
placental, or fetal or infant
samples but met the inclusion criteria based on at least 1
sample type.