Sentences with phrase «planetary surfaces by»

«The detection of these compounds in comets helps to expand our knowledge of... the potential ingredients for life that could have been delivered to the early Earth or other planetary surfaces by comets,» says Jamie Elsila, an astrochemist at NASA.

The «unnatural» warming so far seen is however trended strongly to the alterations to the planetary surface by Humanity over the past 400 years and the rebalance towards greater kinetic induction (in its cumulative effect) is now producing observable alterations not only to the Land Surface median Temperature, but to the Ocean (vie conduction / convection) and a still unconfirmed claim of a small overall rise in Median Atmospheric Temperature, which if «true» would place the Planetary Biosphere on the «Human Population Plot» with regard to «warming».

Not exact matches

By attempting to understand the subterranean structures of the planet and how they modify its surface features, Kircher could be said to have exhibited a «planetary» consciousness three centuries before the Gaia hypothesis proposed that we look at Earth as a giant self - regulating system.

MAVEN arrived at Mars in Sept. 2014 on a mission to investigate a planetary mystery: Billions of years ago, Mars was blanketed by layer of air massive enough to warm the planet and allow liquid water to flow on its surface.

Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland: «Planetary Object Geophysical Observer (POGO),» a secondary payload that is a hopper to be dropped on the asteroid surface by the Asteroid Retrieval Vehicle to measure elemental composition of asteroid regolith at multiple locations.

A team led by Kaveh Pahlevan at Yale University calculate that as rock vapour rose from Earth's hot, roiling surface, the magnesium oxide it contained would have condensed into droplets and rained back to the surface more readily than the more volatile iron oxide, which could then have mixed into the moon - forming disc (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, DOI: 10.1016 / j.epsl.2010.10.036).

The moon appears to be a tranquil place, but modeling done by University of New Hampshire and NASA scientists suggests that, over the eons, periodic storms of solar energetic particles may have significantly altered the properties of the soil in the moon's coldest craters through the process of sparking — a finding that could change our understanding of the evolution of planetary surfaces in the solar system.

Researchers led by Caroline Beghein, assistant professor of earth, planetary and space sciences in UCLA's College of Letters and Science, used a technique called seismic tomography to study the structure of the Pacific Plate — one of eight to 12 major plates at the surface of the Earth.

Astrobiologists, who will be presenting their work at the European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) 2013 in London on Monday 9 September, have shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect micro-organisms even after they have been damaged by exposure to very high levels of radiation, as is encountered on the Martian surface.

Webb will peer at the starlight filtering through planetary atmospheres to try to detect molecules that could be produced by something living on the surface.

To dig a few centimeters deeper into Mercury's surface, solar physicist Amir Caspi and planetary scientist Constantine Tsang of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo., and colleagues will use an infrared camera, specially built by Alabama - based Southern Research, that detects wavelengths between 3 and 5 micrometers.

A wide variety of landscapes, ongoing surface transformations and a family of wildly spinning moons are among the riddles reported by the New Horizons mission team November 9 at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences.

On a positive note however, the researchers add that this suggests that any microorganisms that may be transported to Mars from Earth by mistake are unlikely to be able to survive on the Martian surface, something that is of current concern for planetary protection.

«By comparing the measured craters to the number and spatial distribution of large impact basins on Mercury, we found that they started to accumulate at about the same time, suggesting that the resetting of Mercury's surface was global and likely due to volcanism,» said lead author Dr. Simone Marchi, who has a joint appointment between two of NASA's Lunar Science Institutes, one at the SwRI in Boulder and another at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston.

And planetary geologists had seen signs in the moon's surface lavas that indicate that its 100 known volcanic hot spots are fed by a deep magma «ocean.»

As significant uncertainties about the thickness of the surface ice still exist, some planetary scientists have identified two possible mechanisms for how possible volcanic heat can escape to the surface from Europa's rocky mantle and be carried upward by buoyant oceanic currents.

However, there is an additional shortcoming due to the fact that the equilibrium temperature is also affected by the ratio of the Earth's geometrical cross-section to its surface area as well as how much is reflected, the planetary albedo (A).

Spacecraft landing on Jupiter's moon Europa could see the craft sink due to high surface porosity, research by Planetary Science Institute Senior Scientist Robert Nelson shows.

«Because the TRAPPIST - 1 star is very old and dim, the surfaces of the planets have relatively cool temperatures by planetary standards, ranging from 400 degrees Kelvin (260 degrees Fahrenheit), which is cooler than Venus, to 167 degrees Kelvin -LRB--159 degrees Fahrenheit), which is colder than Earth's poles,» Barr said.

The Cassini - Huygens mission revealed that Titan's surface is quite young by planetary standards, with only a few large impact craters observed.

Astrobotic, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, has been selected by NASA to receive a Phase II SBIR award to develop a small lunar rover capable of carrying on small scale science and exploration on the Moon and other planetary surfaces.

On Jan. 14, 2005, the Huygens entry probe became the first spacecraft to land on a planetary surface in the outer solar system, carrying out various physical and chemical measurements of Titan's atmosphere and transmitting high - resolution images as it descended by parachute.

Hubble resolves Martian surface features with a level of detail only exceeded by planetary probes, such as impact craters and other features as small as 30 miles (50 kilometers) across.

Actual planetary surface temperature would likely be higher due to warming by any atmosphere gases that might be present (Borucki et al, 2011, pp. 21 - 23, Table 6).

Such zones are bounded by the range of distances from a star for which liquid water can exist on a planetary surface, depending on such additional factors as the nature and density of its atmosphere and its surface gravity.

The water ice counteracts the traditional danger of living above ground by serving as a radiation barrier, offsetting fears of solar exposure that have, until now, projected Martian architecture into a dark underworld — buried beneath a regolithic surface that is believed to contain perchlorates, gypsum and other substances hazardous to human life.Water as a Radiation Shield By taking advantage of water - ice's ability to filter the sun's rays and protect against radiation, ICE HOUSE prioritizes a life above ground and celebrates the human presence on the planetary surfacby serving as a radiation barrier, offsetting fears of solar exposure that have, until now, projected Martian architecture into a dark underworld — buried beneath a regolithic surface that is believed to contain perchlorates, gypsum and other substances hazardous to human life.Water as a Radiation Shield By taking advantage of water - ice's ability to filter the sun's rays and protect against radiation, ICE HOUSE prioritizes a life above ground and celebrates the human presence on the planetary surfacBy taking advantage of water - ice's ability to filter the sun's rays and protect against radiation, ICE HOUSE prioritizes a life above ground and celebrates the human presence on the planetary surface.

ABM: The whole point about the greenhouse gases in a planetary atmosphere is that they absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the surface, and so Kirchhoff's law does not apply.

It is simply this: Earth's body is finite, its resources are limited, and its ecosystem services capable of irreversible degradation by the huge scale and anticipated growth of human over-consumption, overproduction and overpopulation activities, the ones we see rampantly overspreading the surface of our planetary home in our time.

Please forgive me for stating the obvious: there are mountains of scientific evidence, plenty of sound reasons and abundant common sense imploring the leaders of India, China, the US and the rest of the over-developed and under - developed world to consider that the seemingly endless, global expansion of large - scale industrialization and production capabilities, now overspreading the surface of Earth, could be approaching a point in history when these unbridled big - business activities could dangerously destablize frangible global ecosystems, irreversibly degrade the environment, recklessly dissipate Earth's natural resource base and, perhaps, destroy our planetary home as a fit place for human habitation by our children.

The point you are trying to make is so vital, so incredibly significant, that I would hope others could be encouraged to set their subjective discomforts aside, to put their ignorance and / or denial of reality aside, and acknowledge the ominously looming, human - driven predicament before humanity, the one apparently induced by the huge scale and skyrocketing growth rate of global human over consumption, overproduction and overpopulation activities now overspreading the surface of the wondrous planetary home upon which God has blessed us to live so well.

By «giving» nature rights, we preserve and protect nature from the being ravaged by unrestrained overconsumption, unbridled overproduction and unregulated overpopulation activities of the human species that are overspreading the surface of Earth in our time and threatening our planetary home as a fit place for human habitation by our children and coming generationBy «giving» nature rights, we preserve and protect nature from the being ravaged by unrestrained overconsumption, unbridled overproduction and unregulated overpopulation activities of the human species that are overspreading the surface of Earth in our time and threatening our planetary home as a fit place for human habitation by our children and coming generationby unrestrained overconsumption, unbridled overproduction and unregulated overpopulation activities of the human species that are overspreading the surface of Earth in our time and threatening our planetary home as a fit place for human habitation by our children and coming generationby our children and coming generations.

Dynamical upward transport by convection removes excess heat from the surface more efficiently than longwave radiation is able to accomplish in the presence of a humid, optically thick boundary layer, and deposits it in the upper troposphere where it is more easily radiated to space, thereby affecting the planetary energy balance.

The spatial mean and dispersion of surface temperatures over the last 1200 years: warm intervals are also variable intervals by Martin P. Tingley and Peter Huybers, both of Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard.

His estimate for the surface temperature rise due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 for the zero feedback case is 0.5 C which is further reduced to 0.3 C due to negative feedback caused by the increase in planetary clouds which is in agreement with Idso's experimental analysis to determine the planet's response to a change in forcing.

It is a fundamental tenet of anthropogenic global warming theory that all the warmth at a planetary surface above that predicted by the S - B equation is due to those GHGs rather than atmospheric mass.

The rising Temperature of the Planetary Surface (the actuality behind the «it is getting warmer» within the «greenhouse platforming») is rising as the materials OF the surface are altered within (and by) Human «constructions» and the materials there iSurface (the actuality behind the «it is getting warmer» within the «greenhouse platforming») is rising as the materials OF the surface are altered within (and by) Human «constructions» and the materials there isurface are altered within (and by) Human «constructions» and the materials there in used.

Planetary waves are large - scale waves in Earth's atmosphere that are created by the uneven distribution of continents and oceans over Earth's surface.

Open and closed cell cloud formation dynamics are driven by sea surface temperature — with cooler surfaces favoring closed cells and higher planetary albedo.

This estimate was refined by Hansen and Nazarenko (2004), who used measured BC concentrations within snow and ice at a wide range of geographic locations to deduce the perturbation to the surface and planetary albedo, deriving an RF of +0.15 W mâ $ «2.

By the way, «Science of Doom» (SoD) is totally incorrect about Venus and mistakenly states that its surface receives more than 10 times the insolation which the Russian calculated as a planetary mean from measurements made by probes which landed on the Venus surfaceBy the way, «Science of Doom» (SoD) is totally incorrect about Venus and mistakenly states that its surface receives more than 10 times the insolation which the Russian calculated as a planetary mean from measurements made by probes which landed on the Venus surfaceby probes which landed on the Venus surface..

If so, please start by reading my paper «Planetary Surface Temperatures.

Earth's Greenhouse Effect is described as all about radiant effects: Wiki: «The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.

It does magnify the night - time greenhouse effect by warming the clouds or the higher levels of the atmosphere, thus increasing the amount of heat radiated back to the surface; though the overall effect is to reduce net planetary greenhouse warming by limiting the temperature gradient.

Yet the period of rotation — obviously a major factor in explaining the loss of energy by a surface radiating to space — the Moon and Mercury for example have similar minimum temperatures — does not seem to have any place in this discussion yet it is one of the few real facts about planetary surface temperatures and heating and cooling we have.

«The ability of a planetary atmosphere to inhibit heat loss from the planet's surface, thereby enhancing the surface warming that is produced by the absorption of solar radiation.

Now I did use the word «averages over the planetary surface», but these obviously weighted averages - the effective temperature is weighted by the fourth power of itself, and the effective emissivity is weighted by the forth power of local temperature.

Then, for the benefit of the lay reader, who would not be expected to understand the clear (to a competent physical scientist) implication of this simply - stated fact, I wrote: «This in fact indicates that the Venusian atmosphere is heated mainly by incident infrared [not the VISIBLE portion, which is indeed largely reflected, defenders, but INFRARED] radiation from the Sun, WHICH IS NOT REFLECTED BUT ABSORBED [or allowed in to heat the lower atmosphere] by Venus's clouds, rather than by warming first of the planetary surface.

[62] see the graph comparing surface radiation absorbed by the air and radiation of the air to the surface in Dr. Ferenc M. Miskolczi Physics of the planetary greenhouse effect International conference on global warming, New York, March -4, 2008.

Perlwitz et al. (2001) estimate that this feedback reduces the global dust load by roughly 15 %, as dust radiative forcing reduces the downward mixing of momentum within the planetary boundary layer, the surface wind speed, and thus dust emission (Miller et al., 2004a).

Planetary atmospheric, surface, crust, mantle and core temperatures are not determined by (and can not be calculated from) radiative energy budgets.