A number of non-invasive, non-pharmocological solutions have been shown scientifically to be as effective as active management in lowering
cesarean section rates: a companion in labor in the hospital (Thornton and Lilford 1994), midwives rather than doctors as the principle birth attendants in hospital births of women
without complications (Wagner 1994), out - of - hospital birth centers (Rooks et al. 1990), and
planned home birth (Wagner 1994).