Preferred habitat: ditches, prairies, swales, depressions + + + + Foliage / winter appearance: dormant in winter + + + + Soil conditions: loam, clay, well drained + + + + Light conditions: partial shade to full sun + + + +
Plant spacing: 3 to 4 feet apart + + + + Wildlife value: Seed enjoyed by deer and many species of birds; a nectar and larval food plant for butterflies; attracts these birds: Cardinal, Carolina Chickadee, American Goldfinch, House Finch, Purple Finch, Evening Grosbeak, Blue Jay, Nut Hatches, White - Throated Sparrow, Tufted Titmouse, Rufous - sided Towhee, House Sparrow, Dark - eyed Junco, Mourning Dove, Pine Siskin, Red - winged Black Bird, Scrub Jay, and Red - Bellied and Red - headed Woodpeckers; Silvery Checkerspots and Bordered Patch Butterfly larvae eat le
Plant spacing: 3 to 4 feet apart + + + + Wildlife value: Seed enjoyed by deer and many species of birds; a nectar and larval food
plant for butterflies; attracts these birds: Cardinal, Carolina Chickadee, American Goldfinch, House Finch, Purple Finch, Evening Grosbeak, Blue Jay, Nut Hatches, White - Throated Sparrow, Tufted Titmouse, Rufous - sided Towhee, House Sparrow, Dark - eyed Junco, Mourning Dove, Pine Siskin, Red - winged Black Bird, Scrub Jay, and Red - Bellied and Red - headed Woodpeckers; Silvery Checkerspots and Bordered Patch Butterfly larvae eat le
plant for butterflies;
attracts these birds: Cardinal, Carolina Chickadee, American Goldfinch, House Finch, Purple Finch, Evening Grosbeak, Blue Jay, Nut Hatches, White - Throated Sparrow, Tufted Titmouse, Rufous - sided Towhee, House Sparrow, Dark -
eyed Junco, Mourning Dove, Pine Siskin, Red - winged Black Bird, Scrub Jay, and Red - Bellied and Red - headed Woodpeckers; Silvery Checkerspots and Bordered Patch Butterfly larvae eat leaves.
Preferred habitat: along streams, edges of woods + + + + Foliage / winter appearance: deciduous + + + + Soil conditions: loam, clay + + + + Light conditions: dappled shade to partial sun + + + +
Plant spacing: 5 to 6 feet + + + + Wildlife value: the fruit is a favorite of many birds; in summer its thick foliage provides good escape and shelter cover, as well as nesting sites, hark often used in nest building; fruit
attracts the following birds: Mourning Dove; Red - bellied and Red - headed Woodpeckers, Eastern Kingbird; Blue Jay, Great Crested Flycatcher, Tufted Titmouse, Mockingbird, Gray Catbird, Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Wood, Hermit, Gray - cheeked, and Swanson's Thrushes, Eastern Bluebird, Red -
eyed Virea, Yellow - breasted Chat, House and Fox Sparrows, Orchard and Northern Orioles, Scarlet and Summer Tanagers, Cardinal, Purple Finch, American Goldfinch, Rufous - sided Towhee