«I always believed there would be a natural
point of equilibrium with digital reading — that it would overshoot, then come back and settle down.
Not exact matches
One
of his views that always stuck
with me on that subject, at least as a starting
point for thinking about it, was that it was somewhat nonsensical to talk about what «
equilibrium exchange rates» should be in a world
of fiat currencies and fractional reserve banking.
And here we can see
with complete clarity the importance
of the idea, suggested above, that it is at its
point or superstructure
of spiritual concentration and not at its base or infrastructure
of material arrangement that humanity must biologically establish its
equilibrium.
Instead
of picturing the bottom
point of a normal pendulum's swing, the
equilibrium, as a stable
point in a stable swing, now,
with the upside - down pendulum, the
equilibrium is the top-most
point.
In other words,
with soft - cut rev limiter that
point of equilibrium slightly depends on how much engine power output responds to a constant throttle.
The functional response for cat trapping (the offtake
with constant effort per unit time) overlaid against the curve
of cat productivity suggested a stable
equilibrium point at low cat densities (0.07 — 0.13 cats km — 2).
(There are
equilibrium climates between the
points where the runaway starts and where it ends, but they are unstable
equilibria, and the
equilibrium coverage
of snow / ice increases
with forcing that would cause warming.)
Once the ice reaches the equator, the
equilibrium climate is significantly colder than what would initiate melting at the equator, but if CO2 from geologic emissions build up (they would, but very slowly — geochemical processes provide a negative feedback by changing atmospheric CO2 in response to climate changes, but this is generally very slow, and thus can not prevent faster changes from faster external forcings) enough, it can initiate melting — what happens then is a runaway in the opposite direction (until the ice is completely gone — the extreme warmth and CO2 amount at that
point, combined
with left - over glacial debris available for chemical weathering, will draw CO2 out
of the atmosphere, possibly allowing some ice to return).
I agree
with Maxwell's
point that at
equilibrium two bodies they exchange equal amounts
of thermal radiation
with each other.
The terrestrial biosphere can respond slowly to large, regional - scale forcing, but may not always be in
equilibrium with that forcing at any
point in time, leading to subsequent commitments to significant future change for decades or centuries following stabilization
of forcing.»
The main
point is that for a spherical body in radiative thermal
equilibrium with the sun, where absorptivity = emissivity, then the temperature is independent
of albedo and emissivity, because they cancel out
of the equation.
It is appropriate as this
point to add that if Bolin & Eriksson's conditions in the last paragraph were true, carbonated beer (Bohren, 1987) and soda «pop» as we know it would be an impossibility
with their «buffer» factor (see below); rain and fresh water would not show the observed
equilibrium pH
of 5.7 (Krauskopf, 1979); and experiments would not had shown complete isotopic
equilibrium between CO2 and water in just hours, which in turn is the prerequisite for routine stable isotope analysis involving CO2 (Gonfiantini, 1981).
By «falling towards
equilibrium» I mean that
equilibrium is never achieved but always oscillates around an
equilibrium point,
with each variable presumably operating on a number
of different time scales.
We need to be careful focussing upon «trends» — it can lead to serious errors
of context — and this underlies the entire «global warming» thesis which relies upon computer models
with entirely false (i.e. non-natural) notions
of an
equilibrium starting
point and calculations
of trend — this conveniently ignores cycles, and it has to because a) there are several non-orbital cycles in motion (8 - 10 yr, 11, 22, 60, 70, 80, 400 and 1000 - 1500) depending on ocean basic, hemisphere and global view — all interacting via «teleconnection»
of those ocean basins, some clearly timed by solar cycles, some peaking together; b) because the cycles are not exact, you can not tell in any one decade where you are in the longer cycles.
If CO2 and H2O molecules now are cooled below the previous
equilibrium point by having their radiation allowed to escape to outer space, then I believe these molecules must then tend to absorb more energy than yield energy
with each interaction
with the other components
of the atmosphere until that atmosphere as a whole reaches a new thermal
equilibrium where the net radiation going out and the net radiation coming in (primarily from the sun and the surrounding atmosphere) is the same.
But I think that misses the
point; if you've got a hollow sphere, filled
with a mixed gas at
equilibrium at a certain temperature, and then you replace some
of the gas
with CO2 (raise the concentration) does the sphere necessarily retain more heat?
``... the
point is that a stable thermal
equilibrium of an isolated ideal gas
with a lapse rate violates the second law
of thermodynamics... the zeroth law clearly states that the two locations (
with different temperatures) are not in thermal
equilibrium.»
The entire
point of Fourier's Law is that it drives any system
with conductivity towards isothermal
equilibrium.
In the simplest idealization, for example, a linear spring
with spring constant K attached to a perfectly rigid support at one end and a
point mass M on the other will oscillate at a radial frequency sqrt (K / M), or a pendulum
of length L in a constant gravity field
with acceleration g will oscillate about the
equilibrium at a frequency
of sqrt (g / L).
But it is the adiabatic lapse rate (itself a function
of the acceleration due to gravity) that determines the surface temperature, along
with the long - established temperature gradient from the core to the surface which has established a stable approximate
equilibrium point at the interface
of the surface and atmosphere over the life
of the Earth..
The only thing I find noteworthy is that it further reinforces the
point that there is no scientific consensus on a best estimate for
equilibrium climate sensitivity, which is entirely in agreement
with the IPCC's statement in AR5 WG1 SPM: «No best estimate for
equilibrium climate sensitivity can now be given because
of a lack
of agreement on values across assessed lines
of evidence and studies.»
These are not classified as
equilibrium thermodynamics, because the path is between a state
with a forcing function applied and a state where the arrow
of entropy
points.
The recent transient warming (combined
with ocean heat uptake and our knowledge
of climate forcings)
points towards a «moderate» value for the
equilibrium sensitivity, and this is consistent
with what we know from other analyses.
In cases where the thinning is substantial along the entire length
of the glacier, even in the accumulation zone than no
point of equilibrium can be achieved
with present climate and the glacier is unlikely to survive.
Here is a key
point made by R&F (I removed the reference numbers for clarify
of reading here — see the original paper for the links to the relevant peer - reviewed literature; GHG = greenhouse gases, CEWGA = committed
equilibrium warming from greenhouse gases and aerosols, Wm2 = watts per metre squared, DAI = dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system):