Sentences with phrase «polar surface waters4»

That warming extends the 50 m or so to the seabed because we are dealing with only a polar surface water layer here (over the shelves the Arctic Ocean structure is one - layer rather than three layers) and the surface warming is mixed down by wave - induced mixing because the extensive open water permits large fetches.

In a world rapidly warming as humans burn ever more fossil fuels, to add ever more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, researchers expect to observe an increase in the volume of meltwater on the south polar surface.

There is a massive drop in temperatures from the surface of the sea to the underlying depths in the tropics and virtually none in the polar areas, in fact a lot of the polar surface temps are at or below zero.

We see the polar surface regions warm as the mid latitudes cool or the tropics warm as the poles cool and so on and so forth in infinite permutations of timing and scale.

As the Earth's surface cools further, cold conditions spread to lower latitudes but polar surface water and the deep ocean can not become much colder, and thus the benthic foraminifera record a temperature change smaller than the global average surface temperature change [43].

But these snow - covered caps are increasingly interrupted by pits like these, whose black mud bottoms of rocky sediment called cryoconite drastically reduces polar surface reflectivity.

The more recent suggestion is that it is triggered by changes in polar surface pressure which modulate wind and ocean currents in both the north and south hemispheres.

The puzzle of a shared 20 to 30 year pulse in both hemispheres is traced mechanistically back to changing polar surface pressure fields — influencing storm tracks in high latitudes.

This in turn has been linked to solar UV / ozone chemistry translated through atmospheric pathways to polar surface pressure.

What if the climate shifts to cooler conditions in the next climate shift due in a decade driven by UV / ozone chemistry, polar surface pressure and sub-polar gyres in amplifying a dimming sun.

Model simulations indicate that polar surface waters will become undersaturated for aragonite in the near future for the Arctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 400 - 450 ppm) and by mid-century for the southern ocean off the Antarctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 550 - 600 ppm).

This new study has demonstrated that cold polar surface waters will start to become corrosive to these calcifying organisms once the atmospheric CO2 level reaches about 600 parts per million, which is 60 % more than the current level but which could be attained by the middle of this century.

For instance, in the IRIS paper, Lindzen argues that tropical surface temperature and polar surface temperature should be assumed to vary in exactly the same way as CO2 concentrations increase.

However, freshened polar surface waters act as a barrier to atmospheric transfer, diverting products into the deep return flow.»

Future applications will also likely include studying the influence of continental runoff on biological processes, such as primary production, in polar surface waters.Link

Not exact matches

He was the first to reach both Poles by surface means, the first to cross the Antarctic continent unassisted and the first to circumnavigate the world along its polar axis.

It appears that much at least of the surface of Mars has two seasons of vegetal growth, the one quickened by the north polar cap, the other by the south.

The system, after meshing the surface in its entirety, runs straight into the polar caps.

Their data showed that the difference between polar and equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Eocene was an estimated 20 degrees Celsius, about 36 degrees Fahrenheit.

Today the small amount of water detected on the planet is locked in the polar ice caps, but recently discovered geological features suggest liquid water once flowed on its surface.

The true polar wander hypothesis seems very plausible when we take a combined look at the patterns of highs and lows across the moon's surface, the physical appearance of surface features and the differences between the current poles.»

This means to be stable the protein must place nonpolar, water - fearing residues on its surface, and pack its polar, water - loving residues inside.

In aqueous fluids, amino acid residues that have polar sidechains — components that can have a charge under certain physiological conditions or that participate in hydrogen bonding — tend to be located on the surface of the protein where they can interact with water, which has negatively and positively side charges to its molecule.

Recent work (funded via an Elise Richter Fellowhip by the FWF) has focused on particles with inhomogeneously charged surface regions: The majority of the particle carries negative electric charge, but the polar regions on the top and at the bottom of the particle are positively charged.

So far this has been the best way to observe the surface structures of distant stars, but there may be misinterpretations, so there have been doubts about the accuracy concerning the existence of the polar sunspots.

Now new research shows that these eruptions on the sun's surface not only send bursts of energetic particles into Earth's atmosphere causing disturbances in the magnetic field, but they may also significantly decrease the number of free electrons over large areas in the polar region of the ionosphere — the ionized part of the upper atmosphere.

GLITTERING across the briny surface of newly formed sea ice, frost flowers are as bewitching to polar scientists as Homer's sirens — luring them and their instrument - laden sleds to the treacherous boundary between ice and sea.

Most likely, scientists have proposed, the tidal flexing induced in a moon's icy surface causes cracks in polar regions to open widest while the satellite is farthest from its parent planet but clamp shut at other times.

The two main forces that conspire to destroy Earth's massive polar ice sheets are heat, which melts their surfaces via sunlight and warm air, and gravity, which drives glaciers to slide to the sea.

Within two hours Phoenix had transmitted the first surface images of the planet's polar terrain: a level plain marked with regular octagonal mounds and furrows, evidence of freeze - thaw cycles in a substance that Phoenix's instruments would prove to be frozen water.

The research team found the evidence confirming the stability of the East Antarctic ice sheet at an altitude of 6,200 feet, about 400 miles from the South Pole at the edge of what's called the polar plateau, a flat, high surface of the ice sheet covering much of East Antarctica.

Warm air and surface water are melting the summer polar ice cap.

Professor Baldwin added: «Natural large pressure fluctuations in the polar stratosphere tend to last a long time — at least a month, and we see this reflected as surface pressure changes that look very much like the North Atlantic Oscillation — which has significant effects on weather and extreme events across Europe.»

Siegler and his colleagues have suggested a cause for the «polar wander»: a 3.5 - billion - year - old hot spot beneath the moon's surface.

A low - altitude flow of warm, moist air from an ocean area combined with a flow of cold, dry polar air high up creates maximum instability, which means that parcels of air heated near the surface rise rapidly, creating powerful updrafts.

The craft is designed to dig into the cementlike layer of ice that researchers believe lies buried a few inches below the surface in the planet's polar regions, scanning for signs of past liquid water and organic compounds, the carbon - rich molecules that make life on Earth possible.

As an important prerequisite for tube formation, epithelial cells become asymmetric or «polar», acquiring structurally and functionally distinct ends or surfaces.

As changes happen in the polar regions, they are carried around the world by ocean currents, both at the surface and in the deep ocean.

Reductions in sea ice in the Arctic have a clear impact on animals such as polar bears that rely on frozen surfaces for feeding, mating and migrating.

The latitudinal distribution of Charon's polar reddening suggests a thermally controlled production process, and the existence of highly localized patches rich in NH3 ice on its surface implies relatively recent emplacement.

Suck up near - freezing water from under the ice and pump it directly onto the ice's surface during the long polar winter.

The ocean around Antarctica is warmer than both the continent's icy surface and the polar air.

After downloading a few files from his site and depositing them in my Celestia folder, I found myself staring at a blue planet, cloud formations swirling across its surface, its vast oceans punctuated with landmasses and polar ice caps.

«Methane is volatile enough that it can only stick to the surface during the long, cold polar winters,» Will Grundy, lead author of the new study, told Space.com by email.

The P - 3 Orion, based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, will carry IceBridge's most comprehensive instrument suite: a scanning laser altimeter that measures surface elevation, three types of radar systems to study ice layers and the bedrock underneath the ice sheet, a high - resolution camera to create color maps of polar ice, and infrared cameras to measure surface temperatures of sea and land ice.

Another possibility is that the central star has a powerful magnetic field that twists up into polar funnels as the star's interior gurgles to the surface and becomes exposed.

Nonetheless, even if the substantial recent trend in the AO pattern is simply a product of natural multidecadal variability in North Atlantic climate, it underscores the fact that western and southern Greenland is an extremely poor place to look, from a signal vs. noise point of view, for the large - scale polar amplification signature of anthropogenic surface warming.

Enceladus is subject to forces that heat a global ocean of liquid water under its icy surface, resulting in its famous south polar water jets which are just visible below the moon's dark, southern limb.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

The polar regions are where we can find frozen H2O and frozen volatile gases, solar power 24/7 for 80 % or more of a Lunar month, moderate non-crater surface temperatures that usually stay close to around a -55 degrees Centigrade, and a whole lot more.