Instead of focusing on the
poor families that do not qualify for Social Security retirement benefits in the first place, the remainder of this paper will focus on the families who are effectively denied full coverage because of their family forms and in spite of their input from taxes and
participation in the
labor force.
And while refugees ultimately — after a period of six to ten years — have higher
labor force participation and employment rates, and have similar welfare
participation rates, relative to U.S. - born residents, they often enter the U.S. with low human capital and language skills and have initially
poor labor market outcomes and high rates of welfare usage.