Sentences with phrase «poroelastic cytoplasm»

In the case of teh bacterial flagellum, removal of some of the «well matched parts» turns it into a type III secretory system which allows gram negative bacteria to translocate proteins directly into the cytoplasm of a host cell.

The third parent provides nothing more than surrogate cytoplasm.

It is far more likely, however, that the egg - cell cytoplasm with its stripping factor will reprogram all the genetic material including the alterations made in the donor nucleus that were intended to prevent the creation of the zygote.

The second biological objection is that «the egg - cell cytoplasm» will «reprogram all the genetic material including the alterations made in the donor nucleus that were intended to prevent the creation of the zygote.»

For instance, the egg - cell cytoplasm strips off all of the many epigenetic factors which differentiate a genetically restricted donor skin cell from a totipotent zygote.

This hypothesis underestimates the opposing power of the egg cell cytoplasm to reprogram the genes in the donor - cell nucleus.

Molecular biology, contrary to the article, does not support evolution by natural chance because evolution can not occur without inheritance, inheritance can not occur without DNA and DNA is so complex it could not have evolved by chance unless we are to assume that molecules just happened to arrange themselves into the DNA molecule at the same times as a nucleus formed to hold the DNA, at the same time as the cell membrane just happened to form around it, at the sametime as all the cell maintaining process in the cytoplasm just happened to come into existence to form a single cell and that all these aspects just happened to come together and work harmoniously.

Earth itself would not support most of the life on this planet... enter the cytoplasm, which over many million years, slowly changed the atmosphere into one that was oxygen rich.

Indeed, the ability to clone animals, such as Dolly the sheep, by fusion of an adult cell to an enucleated oocyte demonstrates that the epigenetic programming responsible for maintaining an adult cell in a stable state can be erased by factors present in the cytoplasm of the oocyte.

For example, cancer cells tend to use glycolysis in the cell cytoplasm in their metabolism, an ancient system, whereas healthy cells use oxidation - phosphorylation.

This represents, for example, the difference between the extracellular fluid around body cells and the cytoplasm inside them.

Once the cells were trapped, researchers observed how they underwent lysis: their cell walls and membrane ruptured, the cytoplasm leaked, and the cell disintegrated.

The toluene - producing reaction consumes protons in the cytoplasm — the gooey fluid in the cell — and thereby can lead to an increase in the pH of the cytoplasm.

In eukaryotes such as animals and plants, DNA is stored inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, the DNA is in the cell's cytoplasm.

DNA never leaves the nucleus of the cell; its molecular recipes are read out in the form of messenger RNA, which leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

With an egg where the cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus isn't good, we can take the nucleus and transfer it into a healthy donor egg.

YAP can be found in the cytoplasm but also the nucleus of a cell, and when it is in the nucleus, YAP regulates gene expression.

For example, a protein in a cell might start life in the nucleus and then move into the cytoplasm to take part in cell signaling.

When calcium was administered directly into the cytoplasm, however, the IgG - treated cells exhibited normal exocytotic secretion, as assayed by membrane capacitance measurement.

But it's only because it's on the microscopic level that this structure can overcome the problem of maintenance: the molecules that control the wheel and axle reach it by diffusing through the cell's cytoplasm.

The cell was created by stitching together the genome of a goat pathogen called Mycoplasma mycoides from smaller stretches of DNA synthesised in the lab, and inserting the genome into the empty cytoplasm of a related bacterium.

The molecule that shuttles proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm, XPO1 (also called CRM1,) has been implicated in multiple sclerosis and a number of other diseases.

Every plantworks hard to maintain proper salt levels in the cytoplasm of itscells.

This protein - lined sac containing the sequestered virus pinches off to move deeper into the cytoplasm of the cell where the virus enters to replicate.

When female animals form egg cells inside their ovaries, they deposit messenger RNAs (mRNAs)-- a sort of genetic instruction set — in the egg cell cytoplasm.

More than thirty years ago, researchers discovered that mRNAs encoding a protein called Vg1 are deposited in the cytoplasm of frog eggs.

Previous research conducted at Mount Sinai found that the trafficking of protein molecules between the nucleus (the cellular compartment containing the genetic information of the cell) and the cytoplasm is altered in neurodegenerative disease.

The scientists were able to see the piRNA bind to a jumping gene messenger RNA in the cell's cytoplasm and to the PIWI protein, which then cut the first section from the jumping gene mRNA to silence it.

At the center of the discovery is a protein called actin, which forms fibers that span the cytoplasm of cells to create the cell's cytoskeleton.

If the necessary ribosome - associated quality control machinery (RQC) does not function properly, defective proteins accumulate and form toxic aggregates in the cytoplasm of the cells.

For example, formation of the mitotic spindle significantly depletes the numbers of free tubulin molecules in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm.

«If we destroy the cytoskeleton but do not allow the actin to enter the nucleus, the little bits of actin just sit in the cytoplasm, and the stem cells do not become bone cells.»

Injecting donor cytoplasm into an egg involves transferring mitochondria and their genes as well.

This cell's gene - editing system targets RNA, revealing the molecule's distribution in the cytoplasm.

«We expected simply to see the jumping gene being silenced in the cytoplasm, so were really surprised to see it get converted into new piRNAs that were specifically loaded onto the PIWI protein that silences transposons in the nucleus,» explains Ramesh Pillai, from EMBL Grenoble.

So they decided to try adding «healthy» cytoplasm from a donor egg.

Because they act while embedded within the cellular membrane, transmembrane proteins have proven to be more difficult to study than proteins that operate in the watery solution that make up the cells» cytoplasm or in the extracellular fluid.

One key player may be a «motor» protein that shuttles molecular signals through a cell's cytoplasm, Yale University pediatric cardiologist Martina Brueckner and colleagues report in the 30 October issue of Nature.

While the vast majority of our genes are housed in the nucleus, the cytoplasm contains tiny energy - producing structures called mitochondria, which have their own set of 13 genes.

The cells» nuclei are stained blue while their cytoplasm is stained orange.

«The elimination by the degradation machinery in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial proteins that have been marked as faulty by the attachment of CAT - tails is tricky.

In the mid-1990s, Jacques Cohen and Jason Barritt at the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas in New Jersey wondered whether some women could not have babies because of defects in the cytoplasm of their eggs — the fluid surrounding the nucleus.

(The cytoplasm is the part of the cell that's outside the nucleus).

At night, the period gene is active, making period mRNA that heads to the cell's cytoplasm to direct production of PER, the period protein.

The proteins damage or rupture the vesicle membranes, allowing the proteins to then invade the cytoplasm and cause additional dysfunction.

Intriguingly, most circular RNAs are unusually stable, floating in the cytoplasm for hours and even days on end.

If microRNA floated in the cytoplasm without binding anywhere, it would get broken down as waste.

Lurking within a cell's cytoplasm, inactive, just waiting to be turned on, is a family of protein - cutting enzymes, or proteases, called caspaces.

These changes were post-transcriptional, consistent with the idea that Cdr1as usually interacts with these microRNAs in the cytoplasm.

Depletion of Kap104p resulted in a rapid shift of Nab2p from the nucleus to the cytoplasm without affecting the localization of other nuclear proteins tested.