Our study, along with prior studies, supports the notion that «
cognitive reserve» resulting from early - life and lifelong education and
cognitive stimulation may be a
potent strategy for the primary prevention of dementia in both high - and low - income countries around the world.21 However, it should be noted that the relationships among education, brain biology, and
cognitive function are complex and likely multidirectional; for instance, a number of recent population - based studies have shown genetic links with level of educational attainment, 22,23 and with the risk for
cognitive decline in later life.24 Higher levels of educational attainment are also associated with health behaviors (eg, physical activity, diet, and smoking), more cognitively - complex occupations, and better access to health care, all of which may play a role in decreasing lifetime dementia risk.