Sentences with phrase «precipitation over oceans»

The phenomenon lowered precipitation over the oceans in the last decade, dampening the warming signal, they said.

During an El Niño, satellites often observe a shift in precipitation over the ocean, specifically an increase in rain over the eastern Pacific, said Huffman.

(compare the red and black lines) As a result, precipitation over the ocean in summer is lower than it is in winter, despite the temperature in summer is higher.

Not exact matches

The Oslo experiment tested SSCE over the entire low - latitude ocean, and Kristjánsson said the engineering could be even more localized, though he said he wasn't sure about the effect that different magnitudes of sea - salt engineering would have on precipitation, or their «termination effect.»

The researchers developed a novel approach to the issue by using climate data from the IPCC and directly modeling all of the components that cause flooding at the coast including, waves, tides, winds blowing over the surface of the ocean and estuaries, precipitation, and stream flow.

The warm ocean water evaporates, adds moisture to the air and falls as precipitation over nearby regions.

The westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere, which increased from the 1960s to the 1990s but which have since returned to about normal as part of NAO and NAM changes, alter the flow from oceans to continents and are a major cause of the observed changes in winter storm tracks and related patterns of precipitation and temperature anomalies, especially over Europe.

Is it the case that evaporation will increase primarily over land while precipitation will rise mostly over oceans?

In Relationships between Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, Bretherton et al showed that although the Western Pacific warmer surface waters increased the water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amounts.

For instance, changes in ocean convection over the north Atlantic would affect the jet stream, which would have a dramatic effect upon regional precipitation, probably leading to acute drought in the northern hemisphere, which will weaken and push the northern jet stream toward the Arctic.

It is reasonable to assume that the freshwater input will continue to increase in the future because the earth is warming, causing increasing ice melt and increased precipitation (both over ocean and over land, which yields larger river runoff to the ocean).

Now of course increased evaporation also means increased precipitation, but this tends to fall prematurely over the source of the evaporation — the oceans.

If precipitation increases over the tropical oceans, more than evaporation increases, the sea water salinity could decrease.

Sobie, S.R., Weaver, A.J., (2012) Downscaling of precipitation over Vancouver Island using a synoptic typing approach, Atmosphere - Ocean, 50:176 - 196

And the details: «Even the low stratus and stratocumulus clouds that form over the subtropical oceans, thousands of miles from any precipitation activity, are there because of precipitation.

Tropical land - surface precipitation measurements indicate that precipitation likely has increased by about 0.2 to 0.3 % / decade over the 20th century, but increases are not evident over the past few decades and the amount of tropical land (versus ocean) area for the latitudes 10 ° N to 10 ° S is relatively small.

Nonetheless, direct measurements of precipitation and model reanalyses of inferred precipitation indicate that rainfall has also increased over large parts of the tropical oceans.

Precipitation occurs over the oceans but we have virtually no measures so we can not determine the diluting effect on the salinity and gaseous content of the critical surface layer.

Largely an early morning precipitation maximum over the oceans and an afternoon...

However, the critical threshold R C is independent of ɛ, and thus the calculation depends only on relatively robust averaged values of precipitation, net radiation, average temperature difference between land and ocean, specific humidity over ocean, and the natural constants ρ, L, and C p.

Although previous studies have offered a general global overview of water circulation between the oceans and land, this traditional two - region model does not take into account the considerable precipitation that occurs over tropical coastal regions, including the Indonesian maritime continent, the Indian subcontinent, and the Bay of Bengal.

The main dynamical driver of the monsoon is therefore the positive moisture - advection feedback (Fig. 1 A): The release of latent heat from precipitation over land adds to the temperature difference between land and ocean, thus driving stronger winds from ocean to land and increasing in this way landward advection of moisture, which leads to enhanced precipitation and associated release of latent heat.

One year (August 1998ï ¿ 1/2 July 1999) of tropical rainfall estimates from the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) system were used to produce monthly means of rainfall diurnal cycles at hourly and 1ï ¿ 1/2 ï ¿ 1/2 1ï ¿ 1/2 scales over a domain (30ï ¿ 1/2 Sï ¿ 1/2 30ï ¿ 1/2 N, 80ï ¿ 1/2 Eï ¿ 1/2 10ï ¿ 1/2 W) from the Americas across the Pacific Ocean to Australia and eastern Asia.

The absolute humidity will be largely set by the oceans, so water vapor and will increase but relative humidity over land will largely decrease, resulting in less precipitation than one would otherwise expect, given Clausius - Clapeyron and a constant residence time.

The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS measurements over the ice - free oceans with 150 - km spatial resolution, and to achieve a measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS - 78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]-RRB- on a 30 - day time scale, taking into account all sensors and geophysical random errors and biases.Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes.

It appears that these cyclones have significant impacts on the summer precipitation regime not only along the Arctic coast, but also over the central Arctic Ocean, which is where many of the lows migrate into and decay.

Naud, C.M., D.J. Posselt, and S.C. van den Heever, 2015: A CloudSat - CALIPSO view of cloud and precipitation properties across cold fronts over the global oceans.

One of the most effective of these is the illustration of the water cycle — from evaporation over the ocean to precipitation over distant mountain tops — this keystone of weather is laid out in easy and approachable detail.

southern oscillation a large - scale atmospheric and hydrospheric fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean; exhibits a nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian Ocean and high over the South Pacific; its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years; the variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding Ocean; exhibits a nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian Ocean and high over the South Pacific; its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years; the variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding Ocean and high over the South Pacific; its period is slightly variable, averaging 2.33 years; the variation in pressure is accompanied by variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding ocean currents, sea - surface temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas

It is about installing solar shields over the Arctic, manipulating precipitation, deflecting the sun's rays away from earth and fertilizing the ocean with iron.

All in all we can imagine the Earth's climate took a pounding, with temperatures rising multiple degrees *, precipitation patterns changing over an already large [thus dry] continent, acidification and anoxia increasing in the oceans — and that this must have had large effects on the terrestrial biosphere too.

«Assessing Impacts of PBL and Surface Layer Schemes in Simulating the Surface — Atmosphere Interactions and Precipitation over the Tropical Ocean Using Observations from AMIE / DYNAMO.»

Temporarily increased rates of lime deposition by fertilization are completely offset over the long - term by decreased CO2 uptake into the ocean and lower rates of precipitation of limestone by coral reefs, etc..

Over ocean stretches with a positive SST anomaly air convection is higher (as the temperature difference between the warm sea surface and the cool air higher up in the troposphere is greater), so a higher likelihood for the formation of depressions exists and more precipitation is to be expected.

This type of precipitation is very common from shallow cumulus clouds over tropical oceans.

The best way to envision the relation between ENSO and precipitation over East Africa is to regard the Indian Ocean as a mirror of the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies [much like the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool creates such a SST mirror with the Atlantic Ocean too]: during a La Niña episode, waters in the eastern Pacific are relatively cool as strong trade winds blow the tropically Sun - warmed waters far towards the west.

It's a mode of natural variation in the tropical eastern Pacific ocean which is indicated by sea surface temperature in that region, as well as patterns of atmospheric pressure, surface winds over the ocean, even precipitation over a much larger region.

So all those hurricanes, typhoons, summer storms, winter snow all that precipitation fell on land and didn't go into rivers that flow to the seas and all those hurricanes we tracked over oceans didn't drop any water on the oceans??? What schools did these scientists go to?

Correlations between ERA - Interim and TMPA over the tropical oceans are quite high where precipitation is high.

* Extremely high geopotential heights (a vertically aggregated measure of atmospheric temperature) over the northeastern Pacific Ocean are historically linked to very low precipitation in California.

The key to this model lies in the distribution of precipitation on Earth, with maxima in the tropics and in high latitudes, so that the Arctic receives an excess of precipitation over evaporation of about one third, which is associated with the permanent presence of the low salinity surface water mass of the Arctic Ocean, separated by a halocline from the saltier Atlantic water below.

Indeed, independent of whether the season is dry or wet, the inner continental precipitation is always significantly lower than over the ocean to the East.

Kniveton and Todd [2001] found evidence of a statistically strong relationship between cosmic ray flux, precipitation and precipitation efficiency over ocean surfaces at midlatitudes to high latitudes, and they pointed out that their results are broadly consistent with the current density - cloud hypothesis.

Rivers carry water from land to oceans, from which we infer that there must be more precipitation than evaporation over land.

Even though some results are controversial, a consistent picture has emerged for the mid-Holocene, for which simulations produce reduced variability in precipitation over most ocean regions in the tropics (Liu et al., 2000; Braconnot et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2005).

These metrics emphasise fields between 30S and 30N including 2 m air temperature (Willmott and Matsuura 2000), vertically averaged air temperature (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), latent heat fluxes of the ocean (Yu et al. 2008), zonal winds at 300 mb (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), longwave and shortwave cloud forcing (CERES2, Loeb et al. 2009), precipitation over land and ocean (GPCP, Adler et al. 2003), sea level pressure (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), vertically averaged relative humidity (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005).

Anthropogenic influences have contributed to observed increases in atmospheric moisture content in the atmosphere (medium confidence), to global - scale changes in precipitation patterns over land (medium confidence), to intensification of heavy precipitation over land regions where data are sufficient (medium confidence), and to changes in surface and subsurface ocean salinity (very likely).

While there are few ground - based weather stations in the North Pacific to tally how much rain fell over the ocean, satellites such as those participating in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission can estimate precipitation ratePrecipitation Measurement (GPM) mission can estimate precipitation rateprecipitation rates from above.

Recent studies have shown that western boundary currents have shifted position slightly over the course decades, leading to changes in wind, temperature and precipitation patterns around the globe more commonly associated with El Niño and the other ocean oscillations.

The differences are very small over most regions (less than ± 5 %), except for a small area of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, where the non-high-end models project an increase in precipitation that is about 50 per cent greater than in the high - end models.