We rank the average summer temperature and
precipitation totals for our Climate Matters markets.
The CONUS
precipitation total for summer was 9.19 inches, 0.87 inch above average and the 16th wettest on record.
Despite a near - average winter
precipitation total for California, Oregon, and Washington, the record warmth caused most of the precipitation to fall as rain and not snow, which had implications on the drought intensification and water resource crisis during the warm months.
The May
precipitation total for the nation was 4.44 inches, 1.53 inches above average.
The normal August
precipitation total for Honolulu is 0.56 inch.
The March - May
precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. was 9.40 inches, 1.46 inches above the 20th century average.
The annual
precipitation total for Alaska is slightly decreasing at an average rate of 0.03 inch per decade.
In contrast, France received less than 90 percent of its average
precipitation total for 2015, making this one of the 10 driest years for the country in the past half century.
It was also a very dry year: «The average
precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. for 2012 was 26.57 inches, 2.57 inches below average, making it the 15th driest year on record for the nation.
The average
precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. for 2012 was 26.57 inches, 2.57 inches below average, making it the 15th driest year on record for the nation.
Not exact matches
The corresponding studies were funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) with a
total of EUR 600,000
for two years under the project «Integrating Microwave Link Data
for Analysis of
Precipitation in Complex Terrain: Theoretical Aspects and Hydrometeorological Applications» (IMAP).
Maps of median TAE averaged across 23 model simulations
for (a) and (b) mean surface air temperature, (c) and (d) highest daily maximum temperature, (e) and (f) lowest daily minimum temperature, (g) and (h)
total precipitation, and (i), (j) maximum 1 - d
precipitation for (a), (c), (e), (g) and (i) June - August and (b), (d), (f), (h) and (j) December - February.
In some parts of the country, the torrents of rain that characterize monsoon season account
for more than 90 percent of the
total annual
precipitation.
The work, which covered 1936 - 2010, considered average monthly temperatures and
total monthly
precipitation for the water year (prior October to September) as possible predictors of annual streamflow.
The research team divided the
total circulation providing moisture
for precipitation into three parts: deep - divergent, shallow - divergent, and non-divergent.
The coverage of extreme
precipitation totals and warm temperatures contributed to the fourth highest U.S. Climate Extremes Index in the 106 - year record
for the CONUS.
Many locations broke their
precipitation total records
for the month.
With
precipitation records dating back to 1947, May 2015 was the driest May on record
for the country, with
total average rainfall
for the month just 25 percent of normal.
The
total precipitation for the month of October amounts to a respectable 53 mm and rain is expected on 4 days of the month across the archipelago.
Rain is very scarce during this month, with
total precipitation barely reaching 3 mm due to minor sprinkles above the islands that last
for only 3 days of the month on average.
Throughout September,
total precipitation amounts to 77 mm and rain is expected
for a bit more than 7 days of the month.
Rainfall affects only 3 days of the month, possibly with slightly heavier showers which deliver a
total of 20 mm of
precipitation for the month.
Monthly
total precipitation for the month of April amounts to a respectable 132 mm, which is more or less evenly distributed across much of the southern part of Maldives.
Second Assessment of Climate Change
for the Baltic Sea Basin https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3319160060 The BACC II Author Team averaged frequency of extreme 1 - day
precipitation totals above 15 mm and a... 4.6 Cloudiness and Solar Radiation 4.6.1 Cloudiness Records of cloudiness and solar... There is a trend of decreasing cloud cover over the Baltic Sea basin......
Further,
precipitation over land is a small fraction of the
total, so there's a lot of room
for changes in precip there without altering the result on the global mean.
As a consequence, even in regions or states where there is a strong increasing trend in heavy
precipitation, the trend at an individual
precipitation gauge that represents the official
total for a city may be equivocal, flat, or even down.
It's entirely possible
for a location to see increasing
total precipitation and increasing drought.
For the entire Northern Hemisphere, there is evidence of an increase in both storm frequency and intensity during the cold season since 1950,1 with storm tracks having shifted slightly towards the poles.2, 3 Extremely heavy snowstorms increased in number during the last century in northern and eastern parts of the United States, but have been less frequent since 2000.11,15
Total seasonal snowfall has generally decreased in southern and some western areas, 16 increased in the northern Great Plains and Great Lakes region, 16,17 and not changed in other areas, such as the Sierra Nevada, although snow is melting earlier in the year and more
precipitation is falling as rain versus snow.18 Very snowy winters have generally been decreasing in frequency in most regions over the last 10 to 20 years, although the Northeast has been seeing a normal number of such winters.19 Heavier - than - normal snowfalls recently observed in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. in some years, with little snow in other years, are consistent with indications of increased blocking (a large scale pressure pattern with little or no movement) of the wintertime circulation of the Northern Hemisphere.5 However, conclusions about trends in blocking have been found to depend on the method of analysis, 6 so the assessment and attribution of trends in blocking remains an active research area.
Elsewhere,
precipitation totals ranged between 70 to 90 percent of normal, except
for in western Tennessee, where most stations reported values that were near normal to slightly above normal.
At the same time, however,
for the continent as a whole, the agriculture sector, which is highly dependent on
precipitation, is estimated to account
for approximately 60 % of
total employment, indicating its crucial role in livelihoods and food security derived through food access through purchase (Slingo et al., 2005).
I am just not sure of the difference between Large - scale and
total precipitation and which one is better to use
for such analysis.
Much of the
precipitation fell as rain and heavy, wet snow, which allowed
for higher
totals.
It was the duration of rainfall, because of the slowing, stalling, slow reversal before the storm finally left the area that accounts
for the high
precipitation totals.
Glacier runoff does not increase or decrease the long term runoff
for a basin,
total runoff over a period of several years is determined largely by annual
precipitation.
With this in mind, and given how difficult it can be to dislodge deeply - entrenched ridging such as is currently being observed, I estimate that there is an above average probability that
total precipitation for water year 2013 - 2014 will be below normal once again.
For this reason, any delay in onset or early truncation of our rainy season (which typically runs from October through May) can quickly result in diminished annual precipitation totals; conversely, the occurrence of just a couple of additional storm events can lead to well - above totals for the ye
For this reason, any delay in onset or early truncation of our rainy season (which typically runs from October through May) can quickly result in diminished annual
precipitation totals; conversely, the occurrence of just a couple of additional storm events can lead to well - above
totals for the ye
for the year.
We first extracted
total winter
precipitation, summed across October to April,
for every year from 1900 — 2012 from the PRISM modeled dataset [25] across 2 scales: (a) ponderosa pine forests within the Verde watershed and (b) these forests within the Salt - Verde watersheds.
For example, in Siberia for the summer season during the years 1936 to 1994 there was a statistically significant decrease in total precipitation of 1.3 % / decade, but the number of days with precipitation also decreas
For example, in Siberia
for the summer season during the years 1936 to 1994 there was a statistically significant decrease in total precipitation of 1.3 % / decade, but the number of days with precipitation also decreas
for the summer season during the years 1936 to 1994 there was a statistically significant decrease in
total precipitation of 1.3 % / decade, but the number of days with
precipitation also decreased.
The results obtained by Donat and his team suggest that both annual
precipitation and extreme
precipitation increased by 1 — 2 % per decade in dry regions, with wet areas showing similar increases in the extent of extreme
precipitation and smaller increases
for annual
totals.
Increases in heavy
precipitation have also been documented even when mean
total precipitation decreases (
for example, see Northern Japan in Figure 2.35, or Manton et al., 2001).
forecast lead - time at which the continuous ranked probability skill score (CRPSS)
for ENS probabilistic forecasts of 24 - hour
total precipitation reaches 10 %
for the extra-tropics (northern and southern hemispheres); verification against station observations
For a given month, season or year, the amount of
precipitation on days which exceed the 95th percentile is accumulated and divided by the
total amount of
precipitation of that month, season or year.
In
total, more than 10,000 stations are used (
for temperature and
precipitation combined), but the coverage is inhomogeneous in space and time.
All of these characteristics (except
for the ocean temperature) have been used in SAR and TAR IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996; 2001) reports
for model - data inter-comparison: we considered as tolerable the following intervals
for the annual means of the following climate characteristics which encompass corresponding empirical estimates: global SAT 13.1 — 14.1 °C (Jones et al. 1999); area of sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere 6 — 14 mil km2 and in the Southern Hemisphere 6 — 18 mil km2 (Cavalieri et al. 2003);
total precipitation rate 2.45 — 3.05 mm / day (Legates 1995); maximum Atlantic northward heat transport 0.5 — 1.5 PW (Ganachaud and Wunsch 2003); maximum of North Atlantic meridional overturning stream function 15 — 25 Sv (Talley et al. 2003), volume averaged ocean temperature 3 — 5 °C (Levitus 1982).
The outlook
for homogenizing daily temperature and monthly
precipitation totals is also discussed.
Here is a table listing
precipitation versus snow water equivalent
totals for California's major hydrological regions, on April 1, 2017:
Total precipitation and snow water equivalent (SWE) are well above average
for all three regions, yet SWE is lagging behind
precipitation.
If we take a further step and consider the atmospheric state at a location (or even the global average) with respect to temperature or
precipitation, we may observe that physics does not imply any preservation law
for temperature (the
total energy is preserved, not temperature) or
for precipitation (the
total water balance is preserved, not the rate of
precipitation).
Correlation (color) and regression maps (contour) of SST (left) and SLP (right) associated with the first EOF modes of annual
precipitation (a, b), low - frequency
precipitation (c, d), and
total water storage (e, f), which are calculated using annual mean data
for the first EOF mode of annual
precipitation, 10 - year running mean
for precipitation, and 10 - year running mean leading with 5 - year
for total water storage.
Correlation coefficients between the principal components of EOF modes
for total water storage (Figs. 4h, 7h) and the time series estimated by 1st order Markov process using the
precipitation noise (Figs. 4b, 7b)