Longitudinal studies are needed to test the specific mechanisms that may explain these associations, such as
prenatal health behaviours (smoking, alcohol, drug use, poor weight gain), constricted uterine placental blood flow, fetal neurobehavioural profile (e.g., heart rate), and obstetrical outcomes (e.g., low birth weight).
Most operate on the assumption, however, that parents»
prenatal health behaviours, care of their children, and life - course affect their children's social and emotional development.10
Prenatal health behaviours, including reductions in tobacco and other substance abuse, have been reported but have not been consistently associated with improved pregnancy outcomes.
Most operate on the assumption, however, that parents»
prenatal health behaviours, care of their children, and life - course affect their children's social and emotional development.10
Not exact matches
These include teenage motherhood, maternal educational under - achievement, poverty, parental antisocial
behaviour and other mental -
health problems,
prenatal stress and maternal
health, family violence, child abuse and parenting difficulties.
In the Raine Study sample, children who experienced adverse
prenatal environments experienced increased levels of problem
behaviours in childhood, and more problematic mental
health trajectories.