However, one of the major proposed mechanisms to account for the relationship between
prenatal psychosocial stress and the offspring's susceptibility to infections is the secretion of cortisol, which is regulated by the maternal HPA axis and the placenta [14,20].
OBJECTIVES: To examine the
prenatal and postnatal mechanisms by which maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict the early development of their offspring, specifically via biological (maternal health risk in pregnancy, infant health risk at birth) and
psychosocial risk (maternal
stress during and after pregnancy, as well as hostile behavior in early infancy).