Sentences with phrase «present estimated levels»

Under this scenario, most of the clathrate deposits in the arctic (both tundra and shallow continental shelf deposits) could be released into the atmosphere in a fairly short period of time (less than a century), implying a rate of outgassing that makes 100 times present estimated levels a vast underforecast.

Not exact matches

In this study, the effects of sea level rise (assumed to continue at present, at the time of the study, rates, which the authors noted was likely conservative), wave fetch, wind speed and direction were examined and the resultant erosion rate was estimated for the Western and Eastern shore of Uppands, Port Isobel and Tangier Island by selecting 10 points along the western and eastern shoreline of all the islands.

Because black infants have consistently had the lowest rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration compared to other groups, the state - level estimates presented are limited to black and white infants (2).

At present it is estimated 46 per cent currently working beyond this level.

Now it says the scheme - estimated on present claimant levels to cost # 1.9 billion in its first year and # 900 million a year thereafter - is affordable right through to 2020.

Using the Great Barrier Reef as their study case, they estimated the evolution of the region over the last 14,000 years and showed that (1) high sediment loads from catchments erosion prevented coral growth during the early phase of sea level rise and favoured deep offshore sediment deposition; (2) how the fine balance between climate, sea level, and margin physiography enabled coral reefs to thrive under limited shelf sedimentation rates at 6,000 years before present; and, (3) how over the last 3,000 years, the decrease of accommodation space led to the lateral extension of coral reefs consistent with available observational data.

They then compared their yearly September ozone measurements with model simulations that predict ozone levels based on the amount of chlorine that scientists have estimated to be present in the atmosphere from year to year.

Researchers accounted for human influence on climate by estimating the present - day chances of Harvey's rainfall totals and then comparing them with 1950s greenhouse gas levels.

Present day (2010 — 2014 average) and 2000 — 2014 trend data were used to estimate ozone levels in 2000.

Increase the total daily caloric intake back to your current estimated caloric bodyweight maintenance level, or the number of calories you need to maintain your present body weight.

Here we present a novel sea - level reconstruction, with associated estimates of.

Figure 2 presents our estimates of the effects of NCLB accountability on the percentage of students achieving at or above the basic and proficient performance levels on NAEP.

Table 3 presents summaries of the estimated level of investment in assessment systems and support infrastructure by accredited and unaccredited SCDEs, as evidence in answer of the second research question.

Why Understanding the Costs of Preschool Quality is Important: A Webinar for Preschool Development Grantee States presents and demonstrates the use of the Cost of Preschool Quality Tool (CPQ) by the Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes, an Excel based model that can be used at the state or district level to estimate the cost of expanding high quality preschool for 3 and 4 year olds.

One of the first papers to ever estimate teacher effects at the secondary school level, this groundbreaking work presents evidence that teacher credentials affect secondary school student success in systematic ways and to a significant, policy - relevant extent.

The data I've presented in my previous post shows a rough estimate of how many authors you can expect at each level of success.

If you look at the data I presented in my previous post, I estimate roughly how many authors should be expected at each earnings level.

Perhaps, the present levels — 26,000 whales, up 6,000 from the estimate of their pre-slaughter levels, had created a shortage of food in their feeding areas.

The same holds for the specific global mean EIV temperature reconstruction used in the present study as shown in the graph below (interestingly, eliminating the proxies in question actually makes the reconstruction overall slightly cooler prior to AD 1000, which — as noted in the article — would actually bring the semi-empirical sea level estimate into closer agreement with the sea level reconstruction prior to AD 1000).

The review of Sheperd and Wingham 2007 gives a best estimate of 0,35 mm / yr for present contribution of Greenland + Antarctica to sea level rise.

If Max is correct, and he may well be, with his 50 % take up estimate, it would be reasonable to say, at present levels of CO2 concentrations, an immediate reduction to 50 % of present emissions (which I do realise is just not going to happen!)

Indeed, previous estimates of the extra volume of Antarctic ice at the LGM, compared to present - day, range from 3 to > 30m of equivalent sea level (Bentley, 2010).

Some of these Parties indicated that the high level of uncertainty was an obstacle to presenting reliable estimates in their first communications, although a number of Parties provided first - time or updated estimates for land - use change and forestry during the in - depth reviews.

It turns out that almost all of the +2.8 mm / yr (or +3.1 mm / yr if Peltier's post-glacial rebound adjustments are applied) sea level rise in the 1993 - present satellite estimates are due to adjustments!

It is worth noting in passing that this lack suggests an important global - level policy recommendation, namely, the world's nations should commit to assessing land / ecosystem degradation using standardized methods to enable us to apply a «sustainability factor» to our present eco-Footprint estimates.

This technical document presents the latest estimates of the emissions gap in 2020 and provides plentiful information, including about current (2010) and projected (2020) levels of global greenhouse gas emissions, both in the absence of additional policies and consistent with national pledge implementation; the implications of starting decided emission reductions now or in the coming decades; agricultural development policies that can help increase yields, reduce fertilizer usage and bring about other benefits, while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases; and, international cooperative initiatives that, while potentially overlapping with pledges, can complement them and help bridge the emissions gap.

The manual shares hands - on experiences from field programs and presents the essential practical and theoretical steps, methods and tools to estimate the opportunity costs of REDD + at the national level.

Quantitatively, Vasskog et al. estimate that during this time (the prior interglacial) the GrIS was «probably between ~ 7 and 60 % smaller than at present,» and that that melting contributed to a rise in global sea level of «between 0.5 and 4.2 m.» Thus, in comparing the present interglacial to the past interglacial, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are currently 30 % higher, global temperatures are 1.5 - 2 °C cooler, GrIS volume is from 7 - 67 % larger, and global sea level is at least 0.5 - 4.2 m lower, none of which observations signal catastrophe for the present.

If indeed present estimates of 19th c. CO2 concentrations are good, then while our agriculture might be able to deal with that, we almost certainly do not want to see CO2 levels much lower.

In making informed decisions to keep risks at an acceptable level, it's important that policy makers take heed of the scientific evidence presented in the recent assessment report from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — released in September — along with the most up - to - date estimates of the current and future risks.

This is a lowball estimate, but even at this level you're going to see increased coastal erosion, and much more damaging storm surges — even at the present frequency and severity of tropical cyclones.

A former senior researcher in the department, Doug Lord, said yesterday two papers he co-authored with colleagues and was due to present at conferences were suppressed because they suggested sea - levels on the east coast are rising at only one 10th of the rate estimated by the federal government, based on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Positions of continents shifted, ocean currents took a different course, and estimated CO2 levels were between twice and ten times of present values during most of this time.

Present uncertainties of ice shelf mass loss are large, however, with estimates of their contribution to sea level rise ranging from a few centimeters to over one meter.

Our estimated sea levels have reached +5 to 10 m above the present sea level during recent interglacial periods that were barely warmer than the Holocene, whereas the ice sheet model yields maxima at most approximately 1 m above the current sea level.

For example, chapter ten, «Ice melts, sea level rises,» discusses the disappearance of tropical mountain glaciers, estimates of sea level rise in the present century, estimates of its costs — the EPA estimated in 1991 that a one - meter rise would cost the US alone between $ 270 billion and $ 475 billion — evidence of past oceanic high - water marks and glacial extents, the dynamics of ice sheet disintegration, the thermal expansion of seawater, icequakes and meltponds, ice mass loss and gain in Greenland and Antarctica, the ozone hole, and the existence and significance of «marine ice sheets.»

Presenting such alternative figures confuses and undermines the public understanding of the actual science, which is an understanding about the driving mechanisms of sea level rise: thermal expansion of ocean water, melting of mountain glaciers and complex dynamics of large ice sheets — in correspondence again with projected temperature rise, that is in turn a product of projected rises of greenhouse gas concentrations using calculated estimates of climate sensitivity, together creating a net disturbance in Earth's energy balance, the very root cause of anthropogenic climate change.

A method for determining the resolvability of individual sea level components estimated in a Bayesian framework is also presented and applied.

Taken together, the average of the warmest times during the middle Pliocene presents a view of the equilibrium state of a globally warmer world, in which atmospheric CO2 concentrations (estimated to be between 360 to 400 ppm) were likely higher than pre-industrial values (Raymo and Rau, 1992; Raymo et al., 1996), and in which geologic evidence and isotopes agree that sea level was at least 15 to 25 m above modern levels (Dowsett and Cronin, 1990; Shackleton et al., 1995), with correspondingly reduced ice sheets and lower continental aridity (Guo et al., 2004).

«We estimate sea level for the Middle Pliocene epoch [3.0 — 3.5 million years ago]-- a period with near - modern CO2 levels — at 25 ± 5 metres above present, which is validated by independent sea - level data» (Rohling, Grant et al., 2009).

We present the first, to our knowledge, estimate of global sea - level (GSL) change over the last ∼ 3,000 years that is based upon statistical synthesis of a global database of regional sea - level reconstructions.