The interaction of unfamiliar forms of technology and reflective practice, however, is an area that calls for additional study in order to explore the implications for
preservice teacher reflection.
The integration of technology into reflective practice, however, encourages teacher educators to consider the role of technology in
preservice teacher reflection.
How might the technology medium chosen influence
preservice teacher reflection?
In addition to addressing these questions, the data from 344 preservice teacher work samples and 151
preservice teacher reflections were examined through the lens of the National Educational Technology Standards and Performance Indicators for Teachers (ISTE, 2000) and National Educational Technology Standards for Students: The Next Generation (ISTE, 2007).
Each of the 151
preservice teacher reflections was also labeled for the NETS - S and student learning practices it documented.
Preservice teacher reflections were examined for examples of technology use throughout their student teaching field experience, not just during the instruction of the work sample.
Not exact matches
In this study, I examined the experiences of a group of secondary
preservice teacher candidates (N = 38) who followed various Twitter hashtags for 1 hour and then reflected upon these experiences in a brief written
reflection.
This paper describes an initial investigation using data from a group of
preservice and in - service mathematics
teachers who interacted by posting their
reflections regarding online learning spaces to an asynchronous, electronic discussion board.
Preservice English
teachers» concern over the specific length of their
reflections illustrates the inflexibility commonly associated with reflective practice.
Topics for
reflection are determined by
preservice teachers» own interests and experiences.
(Of interest is that a random sampling of the entries written by the
preservice English
teachers revealed most
reflections consisted of 450 to 550 words, with some entries as low as 250 words and some as high as 750 words.)
Videotaping teaching episodes to encourage
reflection is not a new practice in
preservice teacher education (Lambdin, Duffy, & Moore, 1997; Wedman, Espinosa, & Laffey, 1999).
Doing so, however, may have implications for
preservice English
teachers»
reflection.
With variations on the implementation,
teacher educators are incorporating different forms of technology into reflective practice, with implications for both
preservice teachers»
reflection and their understanding of technology (Germann, Young - Soo, & Patton, 2001; Koszalka, Grabowski, & McCarthy, 2003; Romano & Schwartz, 2005).
Masingila and Doerr argued that this provided impetus for the
preservice teachers to reflect on their own practice in light of the
reflections of an experienced
teacher.
Familiarity with technology may support
preservice teachers» engagement with reflective practice, encouraging
preservice teachers to focus on the
reflection created rather than the form of technology used.
When asked to choose a specific technology medium, a majority of
preservice teachers (36 of 58) opted to use a Word document for their informal
reflection journal.
Without assigned
reflection prompts,
preservice teachers can «draw on their practical theory to explore topics and seek understandings that are personally relevant» (Shoffner, 2008, p. 128).
Audience was also an issue influenced by the
preservice English
teachers» choice of technology medium and one that is addressed in informal
reflection through the element of communal interaction.
A second concern was that of appropriate length for the entries, with
preservice teachers questioning whether a
reflection was «long enough» to meet the professor's expectations.
The majority of
preservice teachers — 30 of the 58 — responded with «yes» or «perhaps» when considering how their choice of technology medium influenced their individual
reflection.
In
reflections upon the fall semester's experience,
preservice teachers noted several benefits to the use of Twitter in the course, including support of resource sharing, communication, and connection with educators both inside and outside of the class.
Preservice teachers are often presented with a given structure and specific topics — if not particular font and pagination requirements — when they engage in
reflection during
teacher preparation (Bodzin & Park, 2002; Francis, 1995; Yost, Sentner, & Forlenza - Bailey, 2000).
Situated in informal
reflection (Shoffner, 2008),
preservice English
teachers» choice of a specific technology medium for reflective practice is examined for satisfaction with their choice and understanding of that medium's influence on their
reflection.
On the evaluations, the
preservice English
teachers were asked to identify the electronic medium used for their informal
reflection journal.
Reflection is an accepted component of teacher education, and the integration of reflection and technology offers teacher educators an authentic way in which to engage preservice teachers in reflective practice and techn
Reflection is an accepted component of
teacher education, and the integration of
reflection and technology offers teacher educators an authentic way in which to engage preservice teachers in reflective practice and techn
reflection and technology offers
teacher educators an authentic way in which to engage
preservice teachers in reflective practice and technology use.
Preservice teachers were reminded of the elements of informal
reflection when these concerns arose.
The implications of the
preservice English
teachers» views on technology use for
reflection are then explored, with attention to the choice of «easy» forms of technology and the elements of journal length, choice of expression, and audience awareness in reflective practice.
The end - of - semester evaluation asked the
preservice English
teachers the following question: «Do you feel your choice of technology medium affected your
reflection in any way?»
These portfolios encourage
preservice teachers to develop robust tools for learning, communication, and
reflection to capture the complexities of teaching (Wolf & Dietz, 1998) and to facilitate students» responsibility as active learners in the learning process (Courts & McInerney, 1993).
Informal
reflection relies on a more flexible structure to engage
preservice English
teachers in
reflection.
Through informal
reflection, this
preservice teacher had the freedom to express her nervousness and fear over content knowledge while connecting those emotions to the larger concern of the qualities of an effective
teacher.
Hence, multimedia case studies offer a unique opportunity to allow
preservice teachers to view classroom activities and gain an understanding into the
teacher's thinking through a
reflection segment guided by their
teacher educator.
Preservice teachers have the chance to develop technological pedagogical content knowledge, in part, through
reflection on the elements of and connections between technology, pedagogy and content.
Using
reflection to consider specific issues critically — such as the rapid rate of technological change, the design of technology for educational purposes or the use of specific forms of technology to support the situated nature of learning (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- provides
preservice teachers with the opportunity to develop their technological pedagogical content knowledge while engaging in meaningful reflective practice.
How do
preservice teachers view the specific technology medium they choose for
reflection?
The
preservice English
teachers were satisfied with their choice of technology medium for
reflection, in part, because their choice supported completion of the
reflection journal without an additional layer of difficulty.
Masingila and Doerr (2002) found that the nine
preservice teachers used the case study
teacher's practice to support their analysis and
reflection on their own emerging practices.
A multimedia case study can allow
preservice teachers to observe and understand these tensions by hearing the
teacher's
reflections on the lessons, as well as seeing
teacher decisions in action during the classroom video segments.
The remaining 20
preservice teachers claimed the medium had no effect on their
reflection, responding with either «no» or «not really.»
Similar results were documented in
preservice teachers» end - of - program
reflections.
A similar process was used to categorize the K - 12 students» use of technology documented in the
preservice teachers» work samples and
reflections.
Similar differences in the types of technologies used in instruction were found in the data from
preservice teachers»
reflections.
Both the work samples and
preservice teachers»
reflections indicated integration of technology skills and knowledge into instructional practice.
This longitudinal 5 - year study examined work samples and
reflections of 223 elementary and secondary
preservice teachers in a graduate
teacher education program.
Similar results were found in the
preservice teachers» program
reflections.
Each of the 151
reflections was analyzed for the types of technology that
preservice teachers reported using with their K - 12 students.
Lack of adequate technology was specifically mentioned in 50 % of the
preservice teachers»
reflections.
These
reflections were collected from 151
preservice teachers in the study.
Many of the
preservice teachers»
reflections acknowledged the technology operations and concepts they learned during their
teacher education program (NETS - T Standard I).