Ten focused on the impact of programmes on children's behaviour; two focused, respectively, on maternal mental health (Barlow et al., 2003) and on
prevention of abusive parenting (Lundhal et al., 2006a).
Few
prevention programs have been rigorously evaluated, and only a few have proven effective.60, 61 Health - care based
prevention programs, including
parent education programs to reduce rates
of abusive head trauma, and improving physician ambulatory care practices to help families decrease risk factors for child maltreatment have shown good initial results, but require further evaluation.62, 63 Specific intensive home visitation programs such as nurse home visiting programs for first - time mothers have proven to be both clinically and cost effective in preventing maltreatment.64, 65 However, a program
of nurse home visitation has been found ineffective as a treatment model for
abusive and neglectful families, highlighting the importance
of primary
prevention, as well as the need to rigorously evaluate potential treatments for
abusive families.66 Child welfare services are historically structured as short - term interventions that monitor families for recidivism, provide
parenting education and assist with referrals to community - based services.
They include literacy groups, mental health services, drug and alcohol
prevention groups, the Department
of Human Services, and others who understand that inadequate or
abusive parenting often are at the core
of the difficulties their clients face.
We have included reviews
of the treatment as well as
prevention of «child abuse» on the grounds that treatment
of abusive parenting can prevent the development
of mental illness concomitant on abuse and could have beneficial effects on children other than the victim
of abuse.