This growing emergence of an urban (metropolitan) dimension to national (and international) discourses on
shared values, imaginations and common purpose has come to challenge the nationalisation thesis formulated as part of «political modernisation» (Hofferbert and Sharkansky, 1971), and its
primary focus on territorial states as expressions of an existing and cohesive civil society, or as «nationalisers» seeking to shape a national
identity (Brubaker, 1995).