To overcome the limitations, researchers from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the University of Minnesota developed the first fully 3D
printed dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA)-- a soft actuator prototype using active materials with tunable parameters such as structural flexibility, morphology and dynamic actuation.
The success of this effort relies on new or improved processing techniques and materials for plastic electronics, including methods for (i) rubber stamping (microcontact
printing) high - resolution (≈ 1 μm) circuits with low levels of defects and good registration over large areas, (ii) achieving low leakage with thin
dielectrics deposited onto surfaces with relief, (iii) constructing high - performance organic transistors with bottom contact geometries, (iv) encapsulating these transistors, (v) depositing, in a repeatable way, organic semiconductors with uniform electrical characteristics over large areas, and (vi) low - temperature (≈ 100 °C) annealing to increase the on / off ratios of the transistors and to improve the uniformity of their characteristics.