He went on to rule that the attorney - client
privilege applied in that case.
Not exact matches
In the relatively few
cases where the
privilege was upheld, most of these tests were not strictly
applied.
This has not been the
case in prisons, where Grayling has started handing down rules from on high to be
applied across the prison estate, not least
in the form of last November's incentives and earned
privileges scheme.
The leading
case applying the selective - waiver analysis is Diversified Industries Inc v. Meredith.87
In Diversified Industries, a corporation retained outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation into allegations of bribery.88 The internal report prepared by outside counsel was then produced to the SEC. 89 The Eighth Circuit held that this disclosure constituted only a «limited waiver» that did not preclude the corporation from subsequently withholding the report from private litigants on the grounds of attorney — client
privilege.90 The court reasoned that a contrary ruling may undermine corporate incentives to initiate internal investigations conducted by counsel.91
``... The principle of fundamental justice which recognizes that the lawyer is required to keep the client's confidences — solicitor - client
privilege» and «[a] client must be able to place «unrestricted and unbounded confidence»
in his or her lawyer; that confidence which is at the core of the solicitor - client relationship is a part of the legal system itself, not merely ancillary to it» given these two statements
in the
case of an ABS does this mean that non-lawyer owners / managers would be restricted from accessing client files —
in other words, who would «own» the information
in a client file when a solicitor is working for an organization with non-lawyer ownership assuming that the solicitor - client
privilege doesn't
apply to the owner (s) or does this
privilege apply to non-lawyer owners as well?
The SFO has a duty to explore
privilege claims properly but
in the present
case, it appears it simply accepted the company lawyers» assertion that LPP
applied even though the SFO questioned that claim and the
case law supported the SFO's position that the claim could not be sustained.
However,
in keeping both with the general language adopted by Lord Edmund - Davies
in Waugh's
case and the overriding rationale underlying litigation
privilege (see Section 31.4), it must be understood as
applying to documents and communications produced
in many aspects of the litigation process.
In that case the proceedings were a different claim to that which a without prejudice letter had been written in relation to, but privilege continued to apply by reason of public polic
In that
case the proceedings were a different claim to that which a without prejudice letter had been written
in relation to, but privilege continued to apply by reason of public polic
in relation to, but
privilege continued to
apply by reason of public policy.
Citing Hoopes v. Carotta, [142 A.D. 2d 906, 909 - 10 (3rd Dept.), aff'd, 74 N.Y. 2d 716 (1989)-RSB-, the first
case in New York to
apply the «fiduciary exception» to the attorney - client
privilege, Justice Schweitzer held that «Stock *** has a right to disclosure from his fiduciaries of communications that directly correlate to his claims of self - dealing and conflict of interest.»
The Court was split 5 - 4 on the basis of whether or not, after
applying this new test, the
privilege clause
in the Tercon
case should be enforced.
The court next turned to whether one of the following defences
applied: the defence of justification (the statement was substantially true) or the defence of qualified
privilege (the statement was made
in a protected context —
in this
case, during a reference check).
Litigation
privilege (which was expressly not considered
in the Walter Lilly
case) is slightly different
in that it
applies to communications both between a lawyer and client, and between either the lawyer, the client and a third party, made for the dominant purpose of litigation where litigation is pending, reasonably contemplated or existing.
Mr Gauthier renewed his application to the Tribunal
in 2007, relying on a recent
case from the Supreme Court of Canada that held that Parliamentary
privilege does not
apply to dealings with non-legislative employees of Parliament.
In cases where a party is or may be investigated by a national competition authority, national legal professional
privilege laws will typically
apply.
In some
cases litigation will not be reasonably contemplated and therefore litigation
privilege will not
apply.
For instance,
in a previous
case, the court found that only a qualified
privilege applied where a company that reported criminal violations was not the target of the government's investigation at the time of the report.
Note, however, that
in the ENRC decision, on the facts of that
case it was determined that litigation
privilege would not
apply to material created for the dominant purpose of litigation where it was intended that the document would be shown to the other side.
In this
case, what would allowing s 56 (3) to
apply to solicitor - client
privilege actually do?
The narrow approach to litigation
privilege applied in the Eurasian
case seems at odds with the Bilta
case, where both
cases were dealing with documents generated
in the context of internal investigations albeit the Eurasian
case involved the Serious Fraud Office and Bilta, HMRC.
On the facts
in the
case at bar, I find that the defence of qualified
privilege simply does not
apply.
In contrast to previous statutory limitations of the ambit of the
privilege, for example the Supreme Court Act 1981, s 72 which only
applied to intellectual property
cases, this section is designed to virtually eliminate the
privilege from domestic litigation.
Another useful tool
in civil
cases is that the 5th Amendment
privilege against self - incrimination does not
apply, so if the defendant refused to testify (perhaps claiming the 5th Amendment for fear of criminal consequences of truthful testimony) that refusal to testify can be used to infer that his testimony would have hurt him and to find civil liability.
In Canada, there are four kinds of
privilege that can be
applied to protect communications by a lawyer and a client: solicitor — client
privilege, litigation
privilege, settlement
privilege, and
case - by -
case privilege.
The scope of the statutory
privilege would
apply in cases where the trademark agent is seeking to advise on «any matter»
in respect of «the protection of a trade - mark, geographical indication or mark referred to
in paragraph 9 (1)(e), (i), (i. 1), (i. 3), (n) or (n. 1)».
There is not significant
case law
in this area and,
in one ruling earlier
in the year, Ontario Superior Court Justice Ian Nordheimer found that settlement
privilege did not
apply at the proffer stage of the «immunity» or «leniency» program offered by the Competition Bureau.
The scope of the statutory
privilege would
apply in cases where the patent agent is seeking to advise on «any matter»
in respect of «the protection of an invention».
It thus remains as true
in this
case as it was
in Named Person that «[w] hile the judge is determining whether the
privilege applies, all caution must be taken on the assumption that it does
apply» (para. 47).