Sentences with phrase «processed by these neurons»

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Years of scientific research have shown, however, that this panorama is a construction, enabled by multiple systems of neurons specialized for visual processing.

To do this, the neurons need to make new proteins — a process that is thought to be controlled by hundreds of genes.

The team cemented its finding by noting the mice's neurons» ability to undergo long - term potentiation — a type of response to stimulation, which has been implicated in learning processes — after gene function was restored.

In individuals affected by SMA, the survival motor neuron - 1 (SMN1) gene is mutated and lacks the ability to process a key protein that helps neurons function.

Last year her lab published evidence that one mechanistic consequence of the disease is a disruption of the process by which neurons can recycle and reuse proteins needed for neural control of muscle.

Using a high - resolution analysis of how individual neurons and their connected brain networks processed this touch information, designed by neurocomputational scientist Alberto Mazzoni and physics scientist Anton Spanne, the groups got an unexpected insight into the brain representations of the external world experienced through touch.

The trouble is that recording activity within neurons is a more delicate process, which gets disrupted by the physical movement necessary to trigger place - cell activity.

In individuals affected by SMA, the spinal motor neuron - 1 (SMN1) gene is mutated and lacks the ability to process a key protein that helps muscle neurons function.

Several years ago researchers measured the older animals» production of new neurons — a process that usually diminishes with age — and found it could be rejuvenated by young blood.

Using a mouse model, the team also demonstrated that two processes during neurodevelopment are regulated by the gene: proliferation — the replication of neuronal stem cells that have the potential to become multiple different kinds of cells, including neurons — and migration — the movement of neurons to specific locations in the brain during development.

One such drug — known as a Kv3 potassium channel modulator, in development by U.K. - based Autifony Therapeutics — may help improve neuron function in the part of the brain responsible for processing sounds.

Physiologists (especially Leslie G. Ungerleider of the National Institute of Mental Health, Ricardo Gattass of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Charles D. Gilbert of the Rockefeller University) have explored the neural mechanism of this process by monitoring the manner in which single neurons in the visual centers respond to objects partially covered by the blind spot or by opaque occluders.

«By permitting rapid neural communication across neurons encoding different spatial positions, oscillations could contribute to this important perceptual process.»

Each cell in the image (both neurons and the support cells known as glia) was color - coded by hand, a process that took 150 hours.

A postmortem analysis of human brain tissue, for example, conducted by Witelson and her colleagues at the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster, revealed that women's neurons were 11 percent denser than men's in the prefrontal cortex and in a region of the temporal cortex that is involved with language processing, comprehension, and memory.

Intriguingly, all seven play a role in cell division, the process by which immature neurons multiply in the fetal brain, before migrating to their final location.

This study was designed to better define the process by which ALS progresses and to explore the role of brain motor neurons in disease development and progression.

After depletion of synapsin II by antisense oligonucleotides, rat hippocampal neurons in culture were unable to consolidate their minor processes and did not elongate axons.

The researchers also found that activation of ESP1 - responding neurons in the region of the brain called the hypothalamus enhanced sexual behavior in female mice, even in the absence of actual ESP1, by using various tools to chemically or optically control neural activities, combined with a process called the TRAP method, which allows them to selectively manipulate neurons responding to a particular stimulus.

In a new study published in Science, the laboratory of Sebastian Jessberger, professor in the Brain Research Institute of the University of Zurich, has shown for the first time the process by which neural stem cells divide and newborn neurons integrate in the adult mouse hippocampus.

Dr. Goldberg said a smaller scar likely aids the healing process by isolating the injured neurons, similar to how isolating a spreading infection can improve recovery.

Each glomerulus — «a ball of axons and dendrites,» according to Albeanu — is a junction where axons from sensory neurons meet up with and connect, or synapse, with dendrites sent from the next processing layer in the bulb, populated by mitral cells.

Dopamine (which is connected to reward processing, motivation and attention) is one of the brain's primary neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers by which one neuron triggers its neighbor to fire a nerve impulse.

«By adapting an automated process to neurons, we were able to go through 800 genes to find one needed for forming synapses — connections — among those cells.»

The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate connectivity in two brain networks involved in social processing: theory of mind (ToM, otherwise known as the mentalizing system, which allows an individual to infer what others are thinking, their beliefs, their intentions) and the mirror neuron system (MNS, which allows people to understand the meanings and actions of others by simulating and replicating them).

One is the «spine pruning theory,» supported by the observation that the frontal brain regions of people with schizophrenia have fewer dendritic spines, the tentacles on the receiving ends of neurons that process signals from other cells.

The neuron pathways activated in the moths were tracked by inserting a 16 - channel electrode into the moth's antennal lobe, where the moth processes odor information from its antennae.

This illusion shows that adaptation, the process by which neurons in the brain become less responsive to unchanging stimuli, can be simultaneously selective for both color and orientation of edges.

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials, and if this process is disrupted then the neuron can not do its job properly.»

Neurons, or nerve cells, in the brain communicate with each other by transmitting electric signals, or firing action potentials, through long processes named axons (which send out signals) and dendrites (which receive signals).

Inner ear stem cells can be converted to auditory neurons that could reverse deafness, but the process can also make those cells divide too quickly, posing a cancer risk, according to a study led by Rutgers University - New Brunswick scientists.

The process, they suggest, is done by individual TRN neurons that act like a «switchboard,» continuously filtering sensory information and shifting more or less attention onto one sense — like sight — while relatively blocking out distracting information from other senses, including sound.

John «Jack» Pettigrew, then a young medical student in Canberra, Australia, noted this fact in the mid 1960s, reasoning that the neural mechanism for stereopsis must entail another set of binocular neurons, ones that signal retinal disparity by processing noncorresponding retinal points.

Although memory is still in large part a mystery, scientists think it's a two - step process: Information first enters a temporary, short - term storage that works by selectively strengthening connections between some neurons.

The team also tested its technology's potential by making a worm lay eggs and by showing that a particular neuron processes information from touch - sensing cells.

Three basic mechanisms have been proposed over the years to explain the formation of specific neural circuitry: (1) an elaborate predetermined program encoded genetically in each neuron that unfolds according to rigid and unmodifiable rules, (2) a random process of trial and error in which growing nerve fibers that make the right connections are consolidated and those that fail are reabsorbed and (3) a general program of circuit formation that is brought to completion by an interplay between genetic and extrinsic factors.

The basic process by which signals pass through the brain involves neurotransmitters, which are carried inside the synaptic vesicles, being passed across synapses — the junctions between neurons.

Researchers believe that this inhibitory process caused by an overabundance of alpha - synuclein is what occurs in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, before morphological changes such as the loss of function and death of neurons begins.

A new study authored by Marc Schieber, M.D., Ph.D., and Kevin Mazurek, Ph.D. with the University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Neurology and the Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, which appears in the journal Neuron, shows that very low levels of electrical stimulation delivered directly to an area of the brain responsible for motor function can instruct an appropriate response or action, essentially replacing the signals we would normally receive from the parts of the brain that process what we hear, see, and feel.

«The successful retrieval of memories in AD mice by increasing the number of spines for normal memory processing only in the memory cells, rather than in a broad population of cells, highlights the importance of highly - targeted manipulation of neurons and their circuits for future therapies.

According to the principle, the brain's cortex manages the tremendous amount of sensory information — images, sounds, smells, etc. — flooding it constantly by reformatting the influx into various components called features, so that it takes very few neurons to process it.

Our goal is to use a new imaging system to monitor damage caused by AD to the brain region that contains the insulated axons (analogous to cables) connecting the neuron cell bodies (analogous to the central processing unit of a computer).

Barcelona, studies the process by which stem cells turn into neurons, the type of brain cells that malfunction and die in HD.

«The successful retrieval of memories in AD mice by increasing the number of spines for normal memory processing only in the memory cells, rather than in a broad population of cells, highlights the importance of highly - targeted manipulation of neurons and their circuits for future therapies,» said Tonegawa in a statement.

The innovative aspect of this activity was the notion that the concept of macroscopic devices could be extended to the molecular level, and that it was possible to design supramolecular systems that, upon stimulation with external energy stimuli such as UV / Visible light, are capable of performing a variety of specific functions: (i) systems for information processing (e.g., wires, switches, antennas, plug / socket systems, extension cables, memories, logic gates, encoder / decoder, rudimentary neuron - like systems), (ii) devices that when powered by chemical energy or electrochemical energy or by light exhibit machine - like behavior (e.g., piston / cylinder systems, shuttles, lifts, rotary rings, dendritic photo - switchable boxes), and (iii) components for artificial photosynthetic systems.

Surcharged by the success of those efforts, the Jans next uncovered the principles and genes that control the process by which the slender branches of neurons, called dendrites, grow into densely interlacing forests.

10/10/2007 Researchers Reveal Repressor Protein Blocks Neural Stem Cell Development A protein known to repress gene transcription at the molecular level in a variety of processes also blocks embryonic neural stem cells from differentiating into neurons, according to a study by University of California, San Diego and Howard Hughes Me... More...

We first sought to gain insight into the biological processes that may be altered by elevated miR - 181a expression in the mDA neurons in PD [13].

In an effort to achieve these goals, we have established interdisciplinary partnerships devoted to the study of basic biological processes and signaling pathways targeted by neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, tauopathies, Down syndrome, neurometabolic disease (including obesity & diabetes), motor neuron disease and traumatic brain injury.

The research team extrapolated the study to examine the process by which the brain drives the activity of neurons in bringing about concrete behavioral changes.