Finally, he opened the door to funding research involving stem cell lines created by
producing human embryos by somatic cell nuclear transfer or other means specifically for research in which they are killed.
His article is occasioned by the National Institutes of Health proposal to fund
producing human embryos in the laboratory solely for the purpose of research (see «The Inhuman Use of Human Beings,» FT, January 1995).
Are there criteria that could be met to establish beyond reasonable doubt that ANT - OAR does not
produce a human embryo, even a very short - lived embryo?
Not exact matches
Due to the limited statistical and methodological certainty allowed by biological science, the occurrence of technical errors in biological experiments, the differences between
human and animal
embryo development, the rapidity by which the cloning procedure
produces a totipotent zygote, and the philosophical and theological nature of the question, there is no biological experiment that will prove with moral certainty that a
human zygote never exists during the OAR procedure.
Such technology includes
producing, using, and destroying
human embryos, which, says columnist Susan Martinuk in the National Post, may also raise some questions about «
human dignity and worth.»
Just before Thanksgiving, news broke about a new stem - cell technique that could
produce the equivalent of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but without using or destroying
human embryos.
The hCG (
human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone is a remarkable molecule, which is very unusual because it is
produced only by the cells that will become the placenta of the developing
embryo (trophoblast cells).
This special pregnancy hormone is
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is
produced by the chorion, a membrane that covers the
embryo.
Under the terms of the bill, the resultant
embryo could only be stored for a maximum of 14 days to
produce stem cells for research and could not be implanted in either a
human or animal uterus.
Professor Wilmut stressed that he and his team had no intention of trying to
produce cloned
humans, but intended only to use the
embryos for research into the distressing degenerative condition Motor Neuron Disease.
The team implanted three
human embryos produced through spindle technology into a woman who had failed to conceive children.
But the summit's organizers concluded that actually trying to
produce a
human pregnancy from such modified germ cells or
embryos, either through in vitro fertilization (IVF) with the sperm or eggs or the implantation of an
embryo, is currently «irresponsible» because of ongoing safety concerns and a lack of societal consensus.
Many scientists argue that so - called research cloning, in which cloned
human embryos might be used to
produce embryonic stem (ES) cells, could be a boon to medicine.
She also suggested her company had already
produced cloned
human embryos and developed a method to screen for imprinting defects in 10
human genes.
The application is on hold, the agency has told him, as NIH reconsiders its rules for the kind of experiments he wants to do: mixing
human stem cells into very early animal
embryos and letting them develop, a strategy that could
produce tissues or organs for transplantation.
What somatic - cell nuclear transfer technology
produces are cloned
human embryos.
One team in Japan, and another in the US, have independently shown it is possible to
produce embryonic - like stem cells directly from a patient's own skin cells without having to create and destroy a cloned
human embryo first.
The disgraced South Korean researchers who claimed to have
produced the first stem cells from a cloned
human embryo did in fact achieve a significant first.
But it also had a dark side:
producing its supply of stem cells required the creation of
human embryos which were later destroyed.
That still makes them a potential source of ES cells, and because
human parthenote
embryos can't develop to term, some people have fewer qualms about using them to
produce stem cells.
Until recently, such cells could be
produced only by destroying
human embryos and harvesting embryonic stem cells.
For while the new NIH guidelines explicitly permit funding for research on stem cell lines in which
human embryos have already been destroyed, they also explicitly forbid funding for research on stem cell lines that have been
produced by SCNT (see section V. part B).
The same technique — injecting pluripotent stem cells into early
embryos — failed with other combinations: The scientists couldn't create rat - pig chimeras, and although they
produced human - cow chimeric
embryos, they did not transfer them into cows to develop into fetuses.
(If a mouse
producing human sperm mated with a mouse
producing human eggs, the result might be
human embryo gestating in a mouse womb, though it would presumably quickly be miscarried.)
The team used genome editing techniques to stop a key gene from
producing a protein called OCT4, which normally becomes active in the first few days of
human embryo development.
Genome editing of a
human embryo would affect every cell in the
embryo's resulting fetus, as opposed to altering the DNA of a select type of cells — such as the stem cells that
produce blood cells.
The fact that introduction of a small number of proteins into adult
human cells could
produce cells that are equivalent to
embryo stem cells takes us into an entirely new era of stem cell biology.
Federal officials are proposing to end a moratorium on funding for research that involves transplanting
human stem cells into animal
embryos, a controversial practice that
produces organisms know as «chimeras.»
The discovery, by scientists at Kyoto University and the University of Wisconsin - Madison, seemed to promise a way out of the bitter debates over embryonic - stem - cell research: rather than using
human embryos as a source of stem cells,
produce them from adult cells.
Until we can do this routinely in mice, and reliably
produce cloned
embryos, we shouldn't tackle
human work.»
Scientists» plans to conduct experiments using
human induced pluripotent stem cells like these,
produced by reverting adult cells back to an
embryo - like state, caught Lunshof's attention.
The tiny proportion of non-
human nucleic acid in a cybrid is cytoplasmic, and is thought to
produce nothing in the resultant
embryo that is quintessentially
human.