Corresponding to this somewhat indefinite and higher conscience there is inevitably a more
profound sense of guilt, stemming from the recognition of sin not against society but against God.
The use of this penal and sacrificial imagery reflects the early church's
profound sense of guilt, and its knowledge, which seemed to have come to it by way of the spectacle of Christ's sufferings, that the forgiveness which it now enjoyed, although given freely had not been given lightly.
It is characteristic
of the worship
of the post-Exilic temple, therefore, that the two forms
of sacrifice added to the rubric were the trespass - and the
guilt - offerings, both expiations
of sin, and that, in general, the
sense of public
guilt in the later Old Testament is poignant and
profound.