Sentences with phrase «protein sequences of all genes»

Not exact matches

When looking into mechanisms that might affect the levels of SMN protein in neurons, the researchers scanned a genomic database called the UCSC Genome Browser and identified two genetic sequences that matched the opposite DNA strand of the SMN gene.

Gene discovery was greatly facilitated by a new exome sequencing technology, which analyzes all protein - coding regions of the genome at once.

Which genes are activated and which are turned off is in part determined by a second tier of information which is superimposed on the nucleotide sequences that provide the blueprints for protein synthesis.

To derive an evolutionary tree of the TRIM5 gene, they analyzed and compared its complete protein - coding DNA sequences from 22 African primate species.

With the successful completion of genome - sequencing projects, science's knowledge of genes and proteins has increased exponentially.

Project members also catalogued sequences that mark areas where DNA unwinds from the round histone proteins that maintain the shape of chromosomes, allowing the cell's transcription machinery to activate genes in those areas.

In this standard view, the genetic differences between any two individuals are due to slight differences in the sequence of their genes that mean that the genes «spell out» slightly different proteins.

Sequencing the genome of one such organism, King and her colleagues found genes that code for pieces of the same proteins used for the binding of cells and communication between cells in animals — functions that would be unexpected in such an organism.

These retroviral gene sequences make up about 8 per cent of the human genome, and are part of what is called non-coding DNA because they don't contain genetic instructions to make proteins.

In germline cells PIWI proteins silence the RNA from jumping genes by cutting them in sequences of ~ 30 nucleotides that will become piRNAs.

The growth of publicly accessible data troves on genome sequences, gene activity, and protein structures and interactions has opened new territory for biologists.

The pilot project tested a dozen or so of the most commonly used gene promoters (regions of DNA that facilitate gene transcription) and segments of DNA that encode ribosome - binding sites (sequences of messenger RNA that control protein translation) to determine whether they behave consistently in different cellular contexts.

«The total sequence was needed, I think, to allow us to see that our one gene - one protein model of genetics was much too simplistic,» wrote one respondent.

One aspect of gene regulation involves enzymes placing chemical tags or modifications on histone proteins — which control a cell's access to the DNA sequences that make up a gene.

Molecular geneticists dream of having a similarly comprehensive view of networks that control genes: For example, they would like to identify rules explaining how a single DNA sequence can express different proteins, or varying amounts of protein, in different circumstances (see p. 80).

By comparing proteomic and RNA - sequencing data from people on different exercise programs, the researchers found evidence that exercise encourages the cell to make more RNA copies of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins and proteins responsible for muscle growth.

Berninger and others have previously shown that Sox2, Ascl1, and other transcription factors — proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to control the activity of genes — can induce the nonneuronal «support cells» known as glia to turn into neurons.

By deleting some of these «ultraconserved elements», researchers have found that these sequences guide brain development by fine - tuning the expression of protein - coding genes.

The team integrated three, complementary gene sequencing approaches to look for mutations in tumor cells from SS patients: whole - genome sequencing in six subjects, sequencing of all protein - coding regions (exomes) in 66 subjects, and comparing variation in the number of copies of all genes across the genome in 80 subjects.

RNA sequencing of both single and clustered CTCs from breast cancer patients identified several genes expressed at elevated levels in CTC clusters, one of which — a protein called plakoglobin — also was overexpressed in the primary tumors of patients with reduced survival.

Conventional genetic screening looks for specific mutated sequences of DNA, but the Dutch test simply searches for proteins which are shorter than those produced by healthy genes.

Moreover, because they had an idea of what cells the genes came from and what kinds of gene sequences produce what kinds of proteins, they were able to draw some conclusions about what all those genes are good for.

For most known genes this «messenger» or mRNA is then shuttled off to a ribosome of a cell where its translation into a protein sequence occurs.

«The fact that the genetic code can simultaneously write two kinds of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting gene control programs or even both mechanisms simultaneously,» said Stamatoyannopoulos.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences, as well as three - dimensional structures of proteins, are frequently the objects of study, but gene expression as well as the simulation of pathways and biochemical networks are attracting more and more attention.

Fortunately only about 3 percent of that is actual genetic information that gets translated into proteins; the rest is regulatory sequences, old, nonfunctioning genes, or outright nonsense.

For this reason, their finding — that nearly half of the unmapped sequences contained in available genomic reference libraries, including many protein - coding genes, were located in the centromeres — was unexpected.

The 3 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) complexed with a 30 - base pair DNA sequence shows that the DNA is bent by 90 degrees.

Our genes can be thought of as packets of information written in sequences of DNA bases, which encode proteins that perform the functions necessary for life.

As scientists began to sequence human genes in the 1990s, sorting out the cellular locations of each gene's proteins became a priority, says Mathias Uhlén, a microbiologist at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, and director of the Protein Atlas effort.

«Genes code for the sequence of amino acids in proteins, and some are involved in the regulation of the expression of other genes,» he Genes code for the sequence of amino acids in proteins, and some are involved in the regulation of the expression of other genes,» he genes,» he says.

Previous work had shown that two variations in the COX - 2 gene, with either a guanine (G) or a cytosine (C) molecule at a particular spot in the gene's DNA sequence, lead to different levels of COX - 2 protein.

His specific mutation subtly affects the slicing of the gene and doesn't affect the amino acid sequence that synthesizes the ZAP70 protein.

«By sequencing all of the DNA that codes for mRNA and ultimately, proteins, Dr. Amin and colleagues found a single gene that may account for as much as 4 % of the heritable risk for depression,» said Doctor John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry.

They can insert in the middle of a gene, knocking out the structural sequence for a protein.

Still unclear is how the methuselah gene mutation makes flies more stress - resistant, but the amino acid sequence of the protein it makes may be part of a signaling pathway that controls how well cells resist or repair these stresses.

Certain sequences of DNA make up genes, which are the «instructions» for making proteins that do most of the heavy lifting within a cell.

But the primary sequences of the human, mouse, and rat genomes are also tools from which we can derive the protein sequence for each gene.

Since the successful sequencing of the human genome, interest in the group of genes encoding proteins responsible for DNA remodeling has grown exponentially.

The gene that codes for this clotting protein has a very similar sequence across many plant species, and the researchers showed that the microRNA from dodder targets regions of the gene sequence that are the most highly conserved across plants.

Now that the sequence of the PfEMP1 genes and proteins is known, it may be possible to screen for drugs to block the production of the proteins, and so prevent infected cells sticking to capillaries.

Although aneuploidy does not bring in new genetic sequences, it does make possible another kind of genetic diversity — in which the extra genes produce extra proteins, resulting in an organism that differs from its parents.

Extensive research has already examined the function of microRNAs, a category of small evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs about 22 to 24 nucleotides in length that target protein - coding genes in a sequence - specific manner.

From these efforts, we identified a high - quality orthologous gene set across avian species, consisting of exons from 8251 syntenic protein - coding genes (~ 40 % of the proteome), introns from 2516 of these genes, and a nonoverlapping set of 3769 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with ~ 1000 bp of flanking sequences.

First the two researchers narrowed the possible location of the lin - 4 gene to a sequence of DNA 700 nucleotides long, about one - third the size of a typical protein - coding gene.

To answer the question, the group performed «whole exome sequencing» of family members to, effectively, take snapshots of each protein - producing gene in the chromosomes of these people predisposed to ALL.

In brown bears, the sequence of this gene varies from one bear to another, but all the polar bears surveyed have an identical version, with the exact same genetic code at nine variable spots in the gene, about half of which should change the function of the APOB protein.

In the jargon, they are building the mouse «connectome», named in line with the term «genome» for the sequence of all of an organism's genes, «proteome» for all its proteins, and so on.

The tomato (left) shares all but 8 % of its more than 34,000 protein - coding genes with its close relative, the recently sequenced potato.

DNA sequencing of the ladybird's protein - coding genes revealed roughly 50 that help manufacture antimicrobial peptides, compared with 16 such genes identified in the red flour beetle, which the researchers examined for comparison.