Sentences with phrase «proteins out of the cell»

Not exact matches

Immunotherapy differs from more traditional cancer treatments, such as surgery (cutting malignant cells out of the body), chemotherapy and radiation (poisoning the deadly mutants), and even the newer, more precise molecular drugs that attempt to jam the protein signals that tell tumor cells to keep dividing and conquering.

The cancerous cells win out over the healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, which in turn leads to kidney problems when the cancer cells make abnormal proteins instead of antibodies.

For example, instead of using the protein scissors to cut a virus, they can be used to cut out DNA in a human cell and replace it with DNA of the scientist's choosing.

DNA / RNA and proteins are by far the most important components of a living organism, carrying out virtually every function in a cell.

DNA never leaves the nucleus of the cell; its molecular recipes are read out in the form of messenger RNA, which leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

Infectious organisms trip specialized immune cells in the body and cause them to pump out proteins called cytokines, which produce inflammation and other hallmarks of infection, such as chills and fever.

The production of this protein in a nerve cell eventually kills it but it has long been thought that this protein can not spread out of the cell and infect and kill neighbouring ones.

An animal's immune system detects foreign cells by scanning for proteins, called antigens, that stick out from the surface of each cell.

But even though IDPs in multicelled organisms make up 30 to 50 percent — depending on the organism — of the proteins that genes are able to make, it turns out that at any given moment, they exist in the cell in only tiny amounts.

Pediatric immunologists Gurjit Khurana Hershey and Talal Chatila of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and their colleagues set out to examine the receptor protein that IL - 4 binds to on white blood cells.

Studying the rodents more carefully, the researchers determined that Clostridia were having a surprising effect on the mouse gut: Acting through certain immune cells, the bacteria helped keep peanut proteins that can cause allergic reactions out of the bloodstream.

RNA, widely known as a cellular messenger that makes proteins and carries out DNA's instructions to other parts of the cell, is now understood to perform sophisticated chemical reactions and is believed to perform an extraordinary number of other functions, at least some of which are unknown.

But in the 1 September issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, cardiologist Michael Parmacek and his colleagues at the University of Chicago describe how they deleted two genes from the common cold virus to make it unable to cause any sniffling or fever, then replaced them with a marker gene that turns out an easily detected protein and the SM22 promoter, which turns on expression of genes in smooth muscle cells that surround arteries.

In August 1995 they announced that breast milk kills cancer cells and pinpointed the killer, which turned out to be one of the most abundant proteins in the milk.

In the new work, neurologist Teresa Coelho of the Hospital de Santo Antonio in Portugal and colleagues tested RNAi in patients who had transthyretin amyloidosis, a fatal genetic disease in which liver cells pump out excess amounts of a protein called transthyretin.

In all, scientists estimate that the human body contains about 100,000 different proteins, each the result of millions of years of evolutionary shuffling, culminating in a precise lineup of pleats, coils, and furrows required to carry out a specific job in the cell.

Changes to the properties of the lipid bilayer component of the cell membrane can alter the function of proteins embedded in the membrane — proteins that regulate critical functions such as transport of materials in and out of the cell and communication with other cells.

When they find an intruder, the dendritic cells brandish a sample (think of a most - wanted poster) and rush to the lymphatic system, where they present it to T cells, whose role is to form a posse and fan out through the body to hunt down and kill any proteins that look like the poster.

The specialized immune - system function of dendritic cells is to sample proteins and serve as a sort of security guard, sorting out alien proteins from the home team.

This small protein molecule contains a loop which fits, like a key in a lock, into the ion channel proteins found on nerve cell membranes, which are used to transport sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell.

When that protein is added to the receptor, the receptor gets taken out of its nanodomain and becomes caught up in the actin filaments that form the cell's cytoskeleton.

By measuring changes in the levels of proteins that control each cell death program and by observing the cells» physical changes, the team saw clearly that cocaine causes neuronal cell death through out - of - control autophagy.

June's team also wants to knock out two gene segments that encode different portions of the protein that makes up a T cell's primary receptor so that the engineered NS - ESO - 1 receptor will be more effective.

They might also come up with a way to select the right cells out of a mixed population; Anand Swaroop, an ophthalmology researcher at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, is working on a way to identify and weed out the photoreceptor cells by focusing on proteins present on cell surfaces.

RNA messages are copies of small snippets of DNA that move out of the cell nucleus to be converted into proteins.

When the protein is present, these cells that start out round and stuck together in a pattern resembling cobblestones become irregularly shaped and tend to detach from the tumor site in an uncoordinated way — hallmarks of metastasis.

Some of the genes involved help regulate the flow of ions in and out of the cells, particularly nerve cells; others code for so - called heat shock proteins that are typically induced during stress.

To figure out the identities of the host - cell targets, Linhardt's team, led by graduate student So Young Kim at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, mixed the envelope protein with sugars called glycosaminoglycans, which the dengue virus uses for this purpose.

This turned out to be a normal protein in the cells of organisms throughout the animal kingdom — but in brains infected with scrapie and related diseases it turns up in both a normal, soluble form and an abnormal, insoluble form which accumulates in deposits that eventually kill the cells.

«Activation of these cell receptors appear to prevent brain cells from cleaning out the trash — the toxic buildup of proteins, such as alpha - synuclein, tau and amyloid, common in neurodegenerative diseases,» says the study's senior author, neurologist Charbel Moussa, MBBS, PhD, director of Georgetown's Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, and scientific and clinical research director of the GUMC Translational Neurotherapeutics Program.

Sommer and his colleagues think that Ubc7p in the cell's cytoplasm binds to Cue1p, forming a complex that both escorts misfolded proteins out of the ER and tags them for destruction.

It is those proteins that carry out the vital functions of the cell.

The conventional view is that the main function of RNA is to convey instructions from DNA to the protein - making factories in cells — a task carried out by large molecules of «messenger» RNA.

These cells turned out to be very similar to those with Huntington's pathology, corroborating the idea that a lack of the protein — not an excess of it — is driving the disease.

When Gillian Bates at Guy's Hospital, London and Stephen Davies at University College in London and their colleagues examined the brains of transgenic mice endowed with a DNA encoding 150 of these glutamine repeats, they found that the protein started out, at birth, in the cytoplasm of the animals» brain cells and then gradually migrated to cell nuclei and clumped there.

It makes copies of the virus» genetic material — the viral RNA — to package into new viruses that can infect other cells; and it reads out the instructions in that genetic material to make viral messenger RNA, which directs the infected cell to produce the proteins the virus needs.

But fortunately our cells have their own maintenance engineers, in the form of proteins that cut out and replace mutated DNA.

In a report published in the Aug. 4 issue of Science Signaling, Lei Zheng, M.D., Ph.D., and his colleagues show that annexin A2 helps usher a protein called Sema3D out of pancreatic cancer cells.

In what many say is the scientific equivalent of scaling Mount Everest, researchers have figured out almost the entire structure of one part of the ribosome, the cell's giant protein factory.

Tavazoie points out that «it is remarkable that within a single cell type, synonymous changes in genetic sequence can dramatically affect the levels of specific proteins, their transcripts, and the way a cell behaves.»

Cells take a number of complicated steps to translate their sequence of basic DNA building blocks into proteins, which then act as workhorses to carry out the vital functions of life.

When the researchers used gene engineering techniques to knock out DDX3 expression in laboratory - grown cell cultures that highly expressed this protein, cell proliferation was half that of cell cultures with high DDX3 expression.

At any given moment, the human genome spells out thousands of genetic words telling our cells which proteins to make.

Wondering why the third protein, an enzyme called p66, was not, despite being very similar to the other two, Pelicci's team knocked out the piece of the gene that enabled it to code for p66, in order to make mice and mouse embryonic cells that lacked p66.

But it does have genes for many types of transporter proteins, which ferry molecules into and out of the cell.

In order to figure out which phase that chem7 actually acts upon, Ueda and her team used two fluorescent proteins of different colors to visualize the process of the cell cycles in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana.

For fruit flies, the fountain of youth may be filled with an energy - sensing protein usually activated when cells are running out of steam.

The rockets work like this: A protein anchored to the bacterium's membrane triggers the rapid polymerization of the protein actin; this provides an explosive boost, so the bacterium can push through the membrane of white blood cells and burst out to infect another cell.

Researchers at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) now solved a part of this puzzle by studying how the bacterium Escherichia coli divides up a protein complex that detoxifies cells by pumping multiple drugs such as antibiotics out of the cell.

We already knew that E. coli can grip to human cells using hair - like appendages that have tiny protein hooks on their tips, but until now no one had worked out the structure of this protein, called FimH, or how it interacts with human cells.