Effects were more consistent on physical abuse, however, with mothers in the treatment group reporting fewer instances of very serious physical abuse at one year and fewer instances of serious abuse at two years.54 In Alaska, the HFA program was associated with less psychological aggression, but it had no effects for neglect or severe abusive behaviors.55 Similarly, in the San Diego evaluation of HFA, home - visited mothers reported less use of
psychological aggression at twenty - four and thirty - six months.56 Early Start also reported small effects in terms of lowering rates of severe physical abuse.57
Not exact matches
One study found that 90 % of parents of 2 - year - olds use
at least some type of «
psychological aggression» with their children.
Maternal reports of CP, children's aggressive behaviors
at 3 and 5 years of age, and a host of key demographic features and potential confounding factors, including maternal child physical maltreatment,
psychological maltreatment, and neglect, intimate partner
aggression victimization, stress, depression, substance use, and consideration of abortion, were assessed.
At one year, but not at two years, mothers in the program group engaged less frequently in acts of psychological aggression.52 In contrast, neglectful behaviors53 did not differ at one year, but did at two year
At one year, but not
at two years, mothers in the program group engaged less frequently in acts of psychological aggression.52 In contrast, neglectful behaviors53 did not differ at one year, but did at two year
at two years, mothers in the program group engaged less frequently in acts of
psychological aggression.52 In contrast, neglectful behaviors53 did not differ
at one year, but did at two year
at one year, but did
at two year
at two years.
Results
at 12 - year follow - up indicated that there were significant reductions in physical
aggression observed among girls in the intervention group
at 2 years old and intervention group children of high -
psychological - resource mothers
at 6 and 12 years old.
Prospective hierarchical regressions, predicting SDQ
psychological difficulties
at T2 from direct and indirect
aggression at T1 a
Other studies have related an increase in psychopathic characteristics to parental
psychological aggression and inconsistency [60], or to poor supervision, physical punishment, and poor parent - child communication [61], or to maternal reports of harsh parenting
at age 4 [62].
This clearly suggests that there are important gender differences
at least on being victim to indirect
aggression that needs to be focused on in future research, as a more detailed knowledge of these processes may be important to understand the development of girls»
psychological difficulties.