In a society pervaded by the goals of consumption, those who seek power for themselves can also, by skillful
psychological manipulation, create new wants, which they then proceed to satisfy,
at a profit to themselves.
She exposes it as being as manipulative as any other artistic medium, as the critic Roberta Smith pointed out when the Centerfolds made their debut in 1981: «The
psychological weight of the work is so direct that
at times it seems to free the viewer to see very clearly the formal
manipulations which are
at its source.
Despite decades of research describing the harmful effects of family poverty on children's emotional and behavioral development, eg,12 - 17 experimental or quasi-experimental
manipulations of family income that could go beyond description are rare18 and tend to examine the effect of such
manipulations on physical health or academic attainment, rather than emotional or behavioral functioning.19, 20 Other analyses of the Great Smoky Mountains data set have focused on educational and criminal outcomes.21 The few studies looking
at emotional or behavioral outcomes tend to have a short time frame.22, 23 Some studies of school - based interventions have followed up with children through to adulthood, 24,25 but we have found none that have looked
at the long - term effects of family income supplementation on adult
psychological functioning.