Success during this stage of
psychosocial development leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Not exact matches
Thus, it is not surprising that breastfeeding has been consistently associated with improved central nervous system
development, as indicated by improved visual acuity in relationship to formula - fed infants.4 Second, both biological properties and differences in maternal - infant interactions during the feeding process can
lead to improved motor and intellectual
development outcomes.5, 6 Third, breastfeeding appears to be protective against the onset of childhood obesity, 7 a condition that has enormous
psychosocial consequences for children.
«This study shows that the combination of physical and
psychosocial stressors during fetal
development magnifies the effect of each exposure,» says
lead author Frederica Perera, DrPH, PhD, director of the Center.
Toxic stress disrupts healthy brain
development, which can
lead to increase physical and mental illness, high - risk behaviors, and other
psychosocial implications.
The article then reviews
leading programs of research that are concerned with the ways in which early childhood temperament affects
psychosocial development, both normal and abnormal.