«The Daohugou Biota gives us a look at a rarely glimpsed side of the Middle to Late Jurassic - not a parade of galumphing giants, but an assemblage of quirky little creatures like feathered dinosaurs,
pterosaurs with advanced heads on primitive bodies, and the Mesozoic equivalent of a flying squirrel,» lead author Corwin Sullivan, an associate professor at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, was quoted as saying in a press release.
While working in Mexico, paleontologist Eberhard Frey of the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany, discovered the footprints of
a pterosaur with a wingspan of at least 59 feet — larger than that of a modern fighter jet.
Not exact matches
The team compared the thickness of the bones» walls and their resistance to torsion — a twisting force that birds» wings withstand during flapping flight —
with similar bones from several dinosaurs, flying reptiles called
pterosaurs and modern birds.
During this struggle the
pterosaur drowned
with the small fish it had caught halfway down its throat.
The Daohugou Biota makes an immense contribution to our understanding of vertebrate evolution during this period,
with such notable creatures as the oldest known gliding mammal, another early mammal that may have swum
with a beaver - like tail, the oldest dinosaurs preserved
with feathers, and a
pterosaur that represents an important transitional form between two major groups.
These teeth became entangled
with the tough fibres, or aktinofibrils, that reinforced the wing membranes of the
pterosaur, Rhamphorhynchus muensteri.
To date, only a small handful of
pterosaur eggs
with a well - preserved 3 - D structure and embryo inside have been found and analyzed — three eggs from Argentina and five from China.
Pterosaurs and primitive birds glided above, and rivers teemed
with turtles, fish, and fish - eating plesiosaurs.
The specimen is unusual as most
pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous were much larger
with wingspans of between four and eleven metres (the biggest being as large as a giraffe,
with a wingspan of a small plane), whereas this new specimen had a wingspan of only 1.5 metres.
Egg accumulation
with 3D embryos provides insight into the life history of a
pterosaur.
The first known
pterosaur egg reveals a well - developed embryonic skeleton, com - plete
with wing membranes and skin impressions.
As
with other evidence of smaller
pterosaurs, the fossil specimen is fragmentary and poorly preserved: researchers should check collections more carefully for misidentified or ignored
pterosaur material, which may enhance our picture of
pterosaur diversity and disparity at this time.»
Either way, the
pterosaurs would have needed sophisticated neural control on a par
with modern birds, the researchers say.
The cache of more than 200 fossil eggs found
with bones of juvenile and adult animals in northwestern China suggests to some researchers that
pterosaur parents may have cared for their newly hatched young.
With throats and jaws much wider than other
pterosaurs, they could have swallowed small dinosaurs whole.
The Jehol birds faced competition
with pterosaurs, and occupied sympatric habitats
with nonavian theropods, some of which consumed birds.
The pattern suggests a landing from the air,
with the
pterosaur touching down simultaneously
with both feet and dragging its toes
with the forward momentum.
Now, Palmer's wind tunnel tests
with models of the
pterosaur wing are a second chapter to this story, filling out the full picture for how these reptiles used their unique limbs to stay in the air.
Pterosaurs grew large in the late Cretaceous,
with a 10 to 12 - metre wingspan.
Although Cimoliopterus dunni would have been large, it was mid-sized as
pterosaurs go,
with a wingspan of about 6 feet.
The new Texas native, Cimoliopterus dunni, is only the third
pterosaur species
with teeth from the Cretaceous of North America.
Scientists had suspected that the scarcity of little flying reptiles might be due to birds — that the
pterosaurs just had trouble competing
with them.
Floodwaters from an intense storm may have swept away and buried hundreds of
pterosaur eggs in this bone bed, along
with the scattered remains of a few adults.
Starting
with the first primitive vertebrates, they go through the early fishes, amphibians and reptiles,
pterosaurs, dinosaurs, primitive mammals, and recent mammals.
The collection features such memorable creatures as the oldest known gliding mammal, another early mammal that may have swum
with a beaver - like tail, the oldest dinosaurs preserved
with feathers and a
pterosaur that represents an important transitional form among these now extinct, warm - blooded flying reptiles.
Competition
with early bird species may have contributed to a decline in
pterosaurs so that, by the end of the Cretaceous, only large species of
pterosaurs still existed.
After students complete this
Pterosaur coloring page, explain that these were not birds but flying reptiles that evolved along
with the dinosaurs.