The four - way interaction between NCS, stressors, pubertal status, and gender approached significance (β = −.10, p =.08), indicating that the interaction between NCS and stressors was only significant in boys who perceived
their pubertal status as high (β =.42, p =.007).
Next to SR - rumination and stressors, pubertal status was modestly related to depressive symptoms (β =.06, p =.03), indicating that participants reported more depressive symptoms as they perceived
their pubertal status as higher.
Moderation by pubertal status instead of age yielded slightly different results, that is, in the model with stress - reactive rumination, the relationship between negative cognitive style and depressive symptoms was stronger in adolescents who perceived
their pubertal status as high, whereas age did not moderate this relationship.
Not exact matches
For analyses of white matter volume, children's age and
pubertal status were also included
as covariates.
When examining models of depression from a developmental perspective, age may be preferred over
pubertal status,
as age is a less complex variable.
The two - way interaction age (or
pubertal status) by gender (included in all models under test) was not significant; whereas it would be expected that girls report more depressive symptoms
as level of maturation (age /
pubertal status) increases compared to boys.
Some support has been found for an association between hormonal concentrations and negative affect20 - 24; however, social factors, including negative life events and their interaction with
pubertal status (but not hormonal
status), account for more of the variance in negative affect than biological factors alone.25 Early
pubertal timing and its social implications have also been postulated
as an important risk factor in girls.26 - 31 Two recent studies, however, report that
pubertal status has a greater influence in predicting female depression than age32, 33 or the timing of puberty.32
Future studies of the sources and consequences of EV may also want to include
pubertal status,
as pubertal status has been related to both depressive and aggressive affect (Brooks - Gunn et al. 1994), and recent evidence shows that
pubertal status and emotional reactivity to experimentally induced stress interact in the prediction of internalizing symptoms (Leen - Feldner et al. 2007).