The major part of these energy
losses is caused by turbulence, a phenomenon that leads to a drastic increase of
frictional drag and hence much more energy is required to
pump the fluid.
The range of measures here is quite great; for example, engine efficiency can be improved by three different kinds of measures, increasing thermodynamic efficiency, reducing
frictional losses and reducing
pumping losses (these
losses are the energy needed to
pump air and fuel into the cylinders and push out the exhaust) and each kind of measure can be addressed by a great number of design, material and technology changes.