It is found that the stratification profile, in particular the presence
of pycnocline, has significant, qualitative effects on the efficiency and spectral pathways of energy flow.
Low frequency
pycnocline depth variability at Station P in the northeast Pacific, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32, 3207 - 3215.
Temporal trends
in pycnocline depth, SST, stratification, and mixed layer depths also differ between these biogeochemical provinces [40].
Capotondi A. (January 2008): Can the mean structure of the
tropical pycnocline affect ENSO period in coupled climate models?
The other replies suggest volcano input is comparable to the background geothermal flux, which in turn is much less than the fluxes through
the pycnocline from the warm Atlantic water, and to a lesser extent, the Pacific inflow.
This shows upward fluxes through the top of
the pycnocline of about 1 watt in the Beayfort Sea, and 2 - 3 watts over the Chukchi Shelf, an area influenced by the Pacific inflow.
[5] These variations of salinity and temperature with depth change the density of the seawater, creating
the pycnocline.
In the eastern Pacific Ocean, the structure of
the pycnocline varies strongly among the known biogeochemical provinces [51].
The first two make up Martinson's salt deficit and are the salt input needed to increase the density of the mixed layer and
the pycnocline layer to that of the deep water (the mixed layer stability and pycnocline layer stability, respectively).