Never more evident is the usefulness of our particular congregation than when a community
quakes from the faults of ancient ethnic tectonic plates pushing just below the surface of our culture.
Not exact matches
To do that, scientists needed to identify reliable signals that a
fault was about to fail: a distinctive flurry of small
quakes, a whiff of radon gas oozing
from the ground, some oddly perturbed wildlife.
But while the Ecuador
quake resulted
from a slip between the South American and Nazca plates, the two Japan
quakes were triggered by a
fault within a single plate, according to the US Geological Survey.
A surprisingly big
quake arrives where smaller ones were expected, as in Japan; an unseen
fault breaks far
from obviously dangerous
faults, as in New Zealand.
The New Madrid
fault in Missouri, for instance, may be experiencing aftershocks
from a
quake in the early 1800s (Nature, DOI: 10.1038 / nature08502).
While most scientists agree that the surge has been triggered by the injection of wastewater
from oil and gas production into deep wells, some have suggested these
quakes are natural, arising
from faults in the crust that move on their own every so often.
So far they have mapped the natural geologic stresses throughout Oklahoma and Texas — the states with the largest populations at risk
from human - induced
quakes — and have discovered that only a fraction of
faults hold the potential to slip in the presence of moderate pressure increases.
«Other recent surface - rupturing earthquakes, such as the 1999 Hector Mine
quake in southern California, have opened our eyes to the potential for earthquake rupture to cascade
from one
fault to another,» he says — hence the concern about the «end - to - end» positions of the Panama
faults.
By cutting vertical trenches into the ground along the
faults, Rockwell and his colleagues were able to see signs of previous
quakes from the exposed cross-sections of earth and rock.
America's midsection has experienced an uptick in
quakes due to part of the hydraulic fracturing process: Wastewater
from the fossil fuel extraction is pumped deep into the ground, causing
faults to separate and slip.
Modeling rupture connectivity doesn't just apply to California's complicated network of
faults — it can also have implications for the hazard assessed
from induced
quakes, she says.
But they note that their calculations place the major slip area in the Lushan
quake about 40 to 50 kilometers apart
from the southwest end of the Wenchuan
quake fault.
So researchers are anxious to find out whether the stress transferred southward
from the 9 has accelerated slow slip on the
fault and thus defused the threat of a
quake.
In 2008, researchers examining data
from the San Andreas
Fault Observatory at Depth reported detectable changes in the way seismic waves traveled through
fault rock in the hours before two
quakes.
Researchers gained new insight into how earthquakes can interact
from a magnitude 7.9
quake along Alaska's Denali
Fault in November 2002 that involved a chain reaction of
fault shaking.
Super-shear
quakes may create more violent tremors farther
from the
fault line than shear
quakes do.
For example, aftershock sequences for
quakes that occur at
faults far
from a tectonic plate boundary — such as the New Madrid Seismic Zone — often last much longer than those triggered by
quakes near plate boundaries, says Seth Stein, a geophysicist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.
Though this
fault line does not extend into Georgia, aftershocks
from quakes on this
fault line could potentially damage homes here.