Census tracts
within a nonmedical exemption cluster were 2.5 times more likely to be
within a pertussis cluster, even after accounting for population
characteristics including
racial demographics, population density, household income, average family size, percentage of residents with a college degree and location
within a metropolitan area.
Further, these conversations can demonstrate that not all children and families
within a particular
racial or ethnic group display similar
characteristics, which is a potential teacher bias (Ford & Kea 2009).
The primary constructs
within the hypothesized framework are: (1) social position variables —
characteristics that are used
within societies to hierarchically stratify groups (race, gender, socioeconomic status); (2) parenting variables — familial mechanisms that may influence African American adolescents well - being, perceptions of competence, and attitudes towards others in various contexts (e.g., parenting practices and
racial socialization messages); (3)
racial discrimination — negative racially driven experiences that may influence feelings of competence, belongingness, and self - worth; (4) environmental / contextual factors — settings and surroundings that may impede or promote healthy identity development (e.g., academic settings); and (5) learner
characteristics — individual
characteristics that may promote or hinder positive psychological adjustment outcomes (e.g.,
racial identity, coping styles).