Genetic Support for Phenotype - based
Racial Classification in Sorghum, Patrick Brown, Sean Myles, Stephen Kresovich, Crop Sciences 51 (1), pp. 224 - 230, doi: 10.2135 / cropsci2010.03.0179, 2011.
This set him apart from his more - liberal colleagues, who viewed Brown v. Board of Education (1954) not as a prohibition on the use of
racial classifications in education, but rather as a mandate for judges to do whatever they could to promote «equal educational opportunity.»
The school districts have not carried their heavy burden of showing that the interest they seek to achieve justifies the extreme means they have chosen — discriminating among individual students based on race by relying upon
racial classifications in making school assignments.
Not exact matches
Democrats believe
in racial classifications and set asides.
Even more important than the foregoing qualifications of the race concept is the recognition that the properties commonly employed
in racial classification are humanly insignificant.
Chesterton was,
in fact, brusquely impatient of current ideas about
racial superiority: «I shall» he wrote
in 1925,» begin to take seriously those
classifications of superiority and inferiority, when I find a man classifying himself as inferior.
A sixth fact, already stated
in reference to social
classification generally, is that
racial stereotyping tends to be self - confirming.
... To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the
racial classifications embodied
in these statutes,
classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law.
NCI director Richard Klausner agreed that existing
racial classifications «are not scientifically sound,» and he told Specter's subcommittee that NCI «has gone well beyond» them
in recent health surveillance efforts.
While drug use estimated from public health data is roughly equivalent across
racial classifications (top), police using a predictive policing algorithm
in Oakland, Calif., would target black people at roughly twice the rate of whites (bottom).
Given the dangers inherent
in the use of
racial classifications, Scalia maintained, we should take this tool out of the hands of public officials, even if they claim to use it for «benign» purposes.
Regarding race and the equal protection clause, Scalia's combination of text and tradition culminates
in a simple rule: no governmental use of
racial classifications except
in extraordinary circumstances.
In addition, we control for determinants of student achievement that may change over time, such as a teacher's experience level, as well as for student characteristics, such as prior - year test scores, gender, racial / ethnic subgroup, special education classification, gifted classification, English proficiency classification, and whether the student was retained in the same grad
In addition, we control for determinants of student achievement that may change over time, such as a teacher's experience level, as well as for student characteristics, such as prior - year test scores, gender,
racial / ethnic subgroup, special education
classification, gifted
classification, English proficiency
classification, and whether the student was retained
in the same grad
in the same grade.
In Seattle, this racial classification is used to allocate slots in oversubscribed high school
In Seattle, this
racial classification is used to allocate slots
in oversubscribed high school
in oversubscribed high schools.
In a different context, Roberts has already shown an aversion to
racial classification.
This new
classification system had the side effect of removing white people from any burden of
racial identity
in America:
In «Passing for White, Passing for Black», you write: «I've learned that there is no «right» way of managing the issue of my
racial identity, no way that will not offend or alienate someone, because my designated
racial identity itself exposes the very concept of
racial classification as the offensive and irrational instrument of racism it is.»
A black couple
in carnal embrace reclines beneath trees bearing
racial and ethnic
classifications, their canopies abloom with Harlequin romance novel covers.
Furthermore, it puts a satirical premium on «whiteness», ridiculing the superficial luxury of
racial classification as well as critiquing the hard social realities of street vending experienced by those who have been discriminated against
in terms of race or class.
In Gratz it is emphasized that
racial classifications are subject to strict scrutiny, thus must be narrowly tailored, and a system automatically awarding points or disqualifying applicants based on race is not narrowly tailored.
Of course, the fact that whites constitute a political majority
in our Nation does not necessarily mean that active judicial scrutiny of
racial classifications that disadvantage whites is inappropriate.
As Ilya Somin and David Bernstein point out at Volokh Conspiracy, Sotomayor also gerrymanders «race»
in a way convenient to her purposes, using it to include Hispanic - Americans (who aren't a race) while breathing not one word about Asian - Americans (a more genuine
racial classification whose situation of being both historically disadvantaged * and * discriminated against
in university admissions cries out for recognition).
Although evidentiary submissions may help answer it, the question is, like the question whether
racial or sex - based
classifications communicate an invidious message,
in large part a legal question to be answered on the basis of judicial interpretation of social facts.»
[5] Aspinall, P. (2009) Concepts, terminology, and
classifications for the «mixed» ethnic or
racial group
in the United Kingdom».