Lower marital quality and poor health may be associated with female gender (Robles et al., 2013; Rieker & Bird, 2005),
racial minority status (Bulanda & Brown, 2007; Williams, Mohammed, Leavell, & Collins, 2010), lower education, lower income, and unemployment (House, 2002; Karney & Bradbury, 2005), greater number of children (Kotler & Wingard, 1989), higher - order marriage (Barrett, 2000; Booth & Edwards, 1992), and depression (Ormel, Rijsdijk, Sullivan, van Sonderen, & Kempen, 2002; Whisman, 2001).
But the research clearly shows a correlation between school disciplinary policies and dropout rates and that students of ethnic and
racial minority status, and for whom English is a second language, tend to be more likely to face disciplinary actions.
Mundy - Shephard says that LGBT youth of color generally choose not to participate in GSAs and her research will examine whether the students» reasons vary by racial group, and the extent to which these reasons are affected by internal and external perceptions of LGBT identity as being incompatible with
racial minority status, i.e., whether they perceive non-heterosexuality as a form of «acting white.»
Not exact matches
Those claiming biblical justification for their homosexual bigotry are finding themselves ever more in the
minority and will soon be relegated to nutjob
status just like those still clinging to their biblical justifications for misogyny and
racial prejudice.
The most recent survey data showed increased risk of hearing loss among participants of
racial / ethnic
minority status and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Some studies have suggested that the higher odds of breast cancer subtypes with unfavorable prognoses in
minority racial / ethnic groups could be explained by differences in socioeconomic
status.
A study by researchers at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health found that female students,
racial / ethnic
minorities, and students of lower socioeconomic
status are particularly affected, with teens in these categories less likely to report regularly getting seven or more hours of sleep each night compared with their male counterparts, non-Hispanic white teenagers, and students of higher socioeconomic
status, respectively.
In California, both NME and pertussis clusters were associated with factors characteristic of high socioeconomic
status such as lower population density; lower average family size; lower percentage of
racial or ethnic
minorities; higher percentage of high school, college, or graduate school graduates; higher median household income; and lower percentage of families in poverty.
Public schools have an uneven record of serving students disadvantaged by poverty and by
racial and linguistic
minority status.
In addition to creating an extreme form of this negative environment, in reality the school is targeting not only those of lower socio - economic
statuses, but generally
racial minorities, in particular African - Americans.
Social risk factors such as growing up in poverty,
racial / ethnic
minority status, and maternal depression have been associated with poorer health outcomes for children.
Racial / ethnic
minorities as well as those of lower socioeconomic
status (SES) experience higher rates of family violence as well as higher rates of asthma37 than their white, higher - SES counterparts.38 - 40 Analyses were therefore adjusted for maternal race / ethnicity and maternal education level.
There is growing evidence of deficiencies in the quality of health care for children, including low rates of preventive services, 1 persistent disparities in health
status, 2 and lack of a usual source of care among ethnic and
racial minorities and children in low - income families.3
For example, compared to older mothers, teen mothers display lower levels of verbal stimulation and involvement, higher levels of intrusiveness, and maternal speech that is less varied and complex.47, 48 Mothers with fewer years of education read to their children less frequently25, 49 and demonstrate less sophisticated language and literacy skills themselves, 50 which affects the quantity and quality of their verbal interactions with their children.2 Parental education, in turn, relates to household income: poverty and persistent poverty are strongly associated with less stimulating home environments, 51 and parents living in poverty have children who are at risk for cognitive, academic, and social - emotional difficulties.52, 53 Finally, Hispanic and African American mothers are, on average, less likely to read to their children than White, non-Hispanic mothers; 54 and Spanish - speaking Hispanic families have fewer children's books available in the home as compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts.25 These
racial and ethnic findings are likely explained by differences in family resources across groups, as
minority status is often associated with various social - demographic risks.