It seems pretty much accounted for by a combination of solar cycle and net toa
radiant flux changes.
We may — like the IPCC — draw the conclusion that
the radiant flux changes are dominated by cloud radiative forcing changes without information on clouds.
Not exact matches
Refraction, specifically the real component of refraction n (describes bending of rays, wavelength
changes relative to a vacuum, affects blackbody
fluxes and intensities — as opposed to the imaginary component, which is related to absorption and emission) is relatively unimportant to shaping
radiant fluxes through the atmosphere on Earth (except on the small scale processes where it (along with difraction, reflection) gives rise to scattering, particularly of solar radiation — in that case, the effect on the larger scale can be described by scattering properties, the emergent behavior).
When optical thickness is large, the net
flux will tend to be small, but the
flux will vary with lapse rate (according to the corresponding Planck function «lapse rate») and a sufficiently sharp
change in that lapse rate could lead to some significant
flux convergence or divergence at that level (net
radiant heating or cooling).
Oceans gained energy to 1998 — pretty much in line with
changes in ERBS net
radiant flux.
OHC follows
changes in TOA
radiant flux as shown in the Wong et al 2006 paper — ocean / atmosphere heat transfer obviously occurs but the fundamental metric is at TOA.
The planetary heat content — and therefore OHC — must follow the
changes in TOA
radiant flux by the first law of thermodynamics.
The
change in heat and work in the planetary system is made complicated by large
changes in
radiant flux at TOA due to
changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation (Loeb et al 2012).
CERES anomalies provide a new precision in measuring
changes in TOA
radiant flux.
The
change in average
radiant flux at the surface is too little to be more than a small part of the puzzle.
Natural or anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere induces a «radiative forcing» ΔF, defined by IPCC (2001: ch.6.1) asa
change in net (down minus up)
radiant - energy
flux at the tropopause in response to a perturbation.
The fundamental equation of radiative transfer at the emitting surface of an astronomical body, relating
changes in
radiant - energy
flux to
changes in temperature, is the Stefan - Boltzmann equation --