Sentences with phrase «radiation changes at»

However, radiation changes at the top of the atmosphere from the 1980s to 1990s, possibly related in part to the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, appear to be associated with reductions in tropical upper - level cloud cover, and are linked to changes in the energy budget at the surface and changes in observed ocean heat content.

Not exact matches

In his call for practice change, Bekelman cites research showing the shorter radiation treatment — known as moderate hypofractionation — is just as effective at treating cancer, while costing less and easing the burden on patients.

In tomorrow's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, two researchers point the finger at chemical changes in the molecule transurocanic acid — which at one time was thought to protect against ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage — as a possible controlling agent in the process.

«Volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere absorb infrared radiation, thereby heating up the stratosphere, and changing the wind conditions subsequently,» said Dr. Matthew Toohey, atmospheric scientist at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.

The detector developed at UNH, known as DoSEN, short for Dose Spectra from Energetic Particles and Neutrons, measures and calculates the absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from the exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation, which can change cells at the atomic level and lead to irreparable damage.

At any moment the great cocoon of unseen magnetic fields and particle radiation that surrounds Earth and all other major planets is going to experience a change of polarity

Using data from NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission, Raeder and his Ph.D. student Shiva Kavosi (lead author) found that Kelvin - Helmholtz waves actually occur 20 percent of the time at the magnetopause and can change the energy levels of our planet's radiation belts.

They examined light adaptation mechanisms of visible - and IR - radiation - using phototrophs required for adapting to land habitats and found out that IR - using phototrophs struggle to adapt to changing light condition at the boundary of water and land surface.

«Until the 1990s, we thought that the Van Allen belts were pretty well - behaved and changed slowly,» said Geoff Reeves, the first author on the paper and a radiation belt scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, N.M. «With more and more measurements, however, we realized how quickly and unpredictably the radiation belts changed.

The model tracked changes in temperature and solar radiation at many altitudes throughout the lower layer of the atmosphere.

Using this input, a sophisticated computer model developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, was used to determine which areas receive direct sunlight, how much solar radiation reaches the surface, and how the conditions change over the course of a year on Ceres.

These components are entangled, so when matter that has been sucked into the black hole interacts with the infalling Hawking radiation at the singularity, the interaction instantaneously produces a change in the Hawking radiation that has escaped the black hole.

The study argued that changes in the sun's radiation output played a major role in influencing shifts in Arctic air temperatures — a view at odds with mainstream climate science, which fingered atmospheric carbon dioxide as a bigger player.

For example, the infrared radiation emanating from the contraction of an interstellar gas cloud can cause the rotation of molecules to quicken, even without changing the speed at which the molecules are travelling.

At the time this was probably rather useless genomic variation, but has now become incredibly beneficial millions of years later when the opportunity for major adaptive radiations arose, changing the way we think about evolutionary processes.»

The easiest is the «instantaneous forcing» — the change is made and the difference in the net radiation at the tropopause is estimated.

The ESR will participate in both time - resolved WAXS and diffraction studies at synchrotron radiation sources and X-ray free electron laser, be educated in the tools of X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction analysis, and develop code for the interpretation of structural changes using both methods.

For about two weeks the star could be seen in daylight, but at the end of November it began to fade and change color, from bright white over yellow and orange to faint reddish light, finally fading away from visibility in March, 1574, having been visible to the naked eye for almost 16 months (more about Brahe's «acid tongue and silver nose,» the cultural shock of the «new star,» and how supernovae create high - energy radiation from Wallace H. Tucker).

Both the ovarian and prostate cancer trials could change clinical practice, with more women taking the drug bevacizumab (Avastin) to combat the disease in its advanced stages and more men getting radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer, according to researchers who presented the findings Sunday at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting in Chicago.

But what we don't know is if breast density changes,» says Dr. Weiss, who is the director of breast radiation oncology and breast health outreach at Lankenau Hospital in Wynnewood, Penn..

The warming trends in looking at numerous 100 year temperature plots from northern and high elevation climate stations... i.e. warming trends in annual mean and minimum temperature averages, winter monthly means and minimums and especially winter minimum temperatures and dewpoints... indicate climate warming that is being driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — no visible effects from other things like changes in solar radiation or the levels of cosmic rays.

More importantly, this system has the very nice property that the global mean of instantaneous forcing calculations (the difference in the radiation fluxes at the tropopause when you change greenhouse gases or aerosols or whatever) are a very good predictor for the eventual global mean response.

My contribution had its ups and downs — a low point was definitely when Judge Alsup declared «your chart sucks» in response to a powerpoint slide (right) which showed an artist's impression of the Nimbus 4 satellite at the expense of a graph of how the spectrum of outgoing long wave radiation changed in response to rising greenhouse gases between 1970 and 1997.

The paragraph in the OP you quote from as well as the one above it in full are saying that the ice age cycles result from the Earth's changing orbit round the sun which creates changes in the «incoming solar radiation (insolation) at high latitudes» (Roe (2006) PDF).

The easiest is the «instantaneous forcing» — the change is made and the difference in the net radiation at the tropopause is estimated.

ie does a slightly lower density of air mean a slightly lower ground level temperature (temperature normally decreases with height at the lower air density), so that in reality adding CO2 and subtracting more O2 actually causes miniscule or trivial global COOLING, and the (unused) ability of the changed atmosphere to absorb radiation energy and transmit it to the rest of the air is overruled or limited by the ideal gas law?

Looking at the surface temperature and the ocean heat content changes together though allows us to pin down the total unrealised forcing (the net radiation imbalance) and demonstrate that the models are consistent with both the surface and ocean changes.

The change in radiation balance is more heating of the oceans at one side (specifically high in the subtropics, as expected), but more heat released at higher altitudes, thus somewhere acting as a net negative feedback to higher sea surface temperatures.

While they are changing, there will be a «radiation imbalance» at the top of the atmosphere.

So the intensity of radiation (at some frequency and polarization) changes over distance, such that, in the direction the intensity is going, it is always approaching the blackbody value (Planck function) for the local temperature; it approaches this quickly if the absorption cross section density is high; if the cross section density is very high and the temperature doesn't vary much over distance, the intensity may be nearly equal to the Planck function for that location; otherwise its value is a weighted average of the Planck function of local temperature extending back over the path in the direction it came from.

Secondly, the equations allow you to prediction that change in both radiation received at earth's surface or emitted to space as atmospheric GHG composition changes with exquisite accuracy.

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

First, for changing just CO2 forcing (or CH4, etc, or for a non-GHE forcing, such as a change in incident solar radiation, volcanic aerosols, etc.), there will be other GHE radiative «forcings» (feedbacks, though in the context of measuring their radiative effect, they can be described as having radiative forcings of x W / m2 per change in surface T), such as water vapor feedback, LW cloud feedback, and also, because GHE depends on the vertical temperature distribution, the lapse rate feedback (this generally refers to the tropospheric lapse rate, though changes in the position of the tropopause and changes in the stratospheric temperature could also be considered lapse - rate feedbacks for forcing at TOA; forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment takes some of that into account; sensitivity to forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment will generally be different from sensitivity to forcing without stratospheric adjustment and both will generally be different from forcing at TOA before stratospheric adjustment; forcing at TOA after stratospehric adjustment is identical to forcing at the tropopause after stratospheric adjustment).

Ice at the poles does not change the amount of radiation reflected out of Earth's system near as effectively as ice at low latitudes.

«But as I commented at scienceprogress, the way I see the ledger, the religious Right gets a handful of anti-science points for views on evolution (and related rationalizations about the age of the earth, etc.), and for some dismissal of climate change theory, but the Left gets many more anti-science points for exaggerating the health and ecological risks of POPs; DDT; GMOs; plastics and plasticizers; pesticide residues; conventional agriculture; low - dose EM radiation; high - tension powerlines; climate change; population growth; resource depletion; chemical sweeteners; species extinction rates; biodiversity decline; and I'm sure the list could go on.

Doubling CO2 might make Tucson.05 degrees warmer or something practically immeasurable, but it isn't likely going to change Miami at all because water vapor already blocks radiation over the same wavelengths that CO2 does (and more).

Valentina Zharkova, a professor of mathematics at Northumbria University in the United Kingdom, used a new model of the sun's solar cycle and its periodic change in solar radiation emissions to predict a «mini Ice Age» may begin shortly.

For example, if you look at the Summary from the latest assessment report, you will find a figure showing known climate forcings, and you will find a value given for solar radiation changes.

These cycles change the amount of solar radiation received at each latitude in each season (but hardly affect the global annual mean), and they can be calculated with astronomical precision.

The amount of cosmic radiation changes over time as our solar system skitters through the spiraling arms of the Milky Way at the edge of the galaxy.

Only in computer models using the «external forcing» wheeze of a step change in emitted radiation at the top of the model atmosphere can these factors be regarded as forcing agents.

The radiation imbalance at the surface following a step change of CO2 is actually quite small.

The important issues is the emission of radiation to space — and at what height this takes place from — that causes the surface temperature to change.

radiative forcing a change in average net radiation at the top of the troposphere resulting from a change in either solar or infrared radiation due to a change in atmospheric greenhouse gases concentrations; perturbance in the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation

In a category like agriculture, the experts looked, for example, at how soybean yields had varied with temperature in the past, and what a physiological simulation for wheat said about the response to changes in solar radiation and soil moisture.

Specifically, Trenberth must find mechanisms in the oceans that are characteristic of the oceans but not caused by changes in temperature or radiation at the ocean's surface.

Note that the inversion at the tropopause is entirely a result of ozone reacting with incoming solar radiation and particles so any change in the ozone creation / destruction balance is going to affect the air circulation below the tropopause.

Hence their attraction to geoengineering schemes aimed at regulating solar radiation or changing the chemical composition of the oceans.

The main place this attempt at modelling breaks down, IMHO, is assessing the effect of a change in radiation balance on a change in global temperature, without feedbacks.

So water dances at many speeds, from the unimaginable fast vibrations of its molecules responding to thermal infrared radiation, to the moment - to - moment dance of its phase changes in response to temperature changes, to the week - long dance of its vapor in and out of the atmosphere, to the slow geological pavanes of rock, air and life, of which it too forms an inextricable part.