Sentences with phrase «radiation from the surface in»

This increases the rate of direct radiation from the surface in the water window so that the integrated outgoing power still equals the integrated incoming power, on average, for the entire Earth.

Only if all the layers of the CO2 opaque atmosphere had the same temperature as the surface would the back radiation to the surface in the CO2 bands be the same as the upwelling radiation from the surface in those same bands.

Not exact matches

This layer of the atmosphere forms when radiation from the sun strips electrons from, or ionizes, atoms and molecules in the atmosphere between about 75 and 1,000 kilometers above Earth's surface.

When the team looked at the overall balance between the radiation upward from the surface of the ice sheet and the radiation both upward and downward from the upper levels of the atmosphere across all infrared wavelengths over the course of a year, they found that in central Antarctica the surface and lower atmosphere, against expectation, actually lose more energy to space if the air contains greenhouse gases, the researchers report online and in a forthcoming Geophysical Research Letters.

«If breakdown weathering occurs on the moon, then it has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of planetary surfaces in the solar system, especially in extremely cold regions that are exposed to harsh radiation from space,» says coauthor Timothy Stubbs of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Using spectral readings from telescopes at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers of its ice.

A thick atmosphere protects its solid surface from damaging radiation and it is the only other place in the solar system with liquid on its surface.

On Earth, temperature inversion occurs because ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, preventing it from reaching the surface, protecting the biosphere, and therefore warming the stratosphere instead.

The particles could have acted like a shield, blocking out the sun and preventing some radiation from evaporating water on the planet's surface, resulting in even less rainfall.

But some regions may become redder and darker than others because parts of the atmosphere collapse, exposing those spots to more surface - darkening radiation from space, researchers report March 22 at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas.

In recent years, a brand of research called «climate attribution science» has sprouted from this question, examining the impact of extreme events to determine how much — often in fractional terms — is related to human - induced climate change, and how much to natural variability (whether in climate patterns such as the El Niño / La Niña - Southern Oscillation, sea - surface temperatures, changes in incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factorsIn recent years, a brand of research called «climate attribution science» has sprouted from this question, examining the impact of extreme events to determine how much — often in fractional terms — is related to human - induced climate change, and how much to natural variability (whether in climate patterns such as the El Niño / La Niña - Southern Oscillation, sea - surface temperatures, changes in incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factorsin fractional terms — is related to human - induced climate change, and how much to natural variability (whether in climate patterns such as the El Niño / La Niña - Southern Oscillation, sea - surface temperatures, changes in incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factorsin climate patterns such as the El Niño / La Niña - Southern Oscillation, sea - surface temperatures, changes in incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factorsin incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factors).

If the shell is thin, it could mean the moon's ocean receives sunlight and radiation from cracks in the surface, boosting the energy available for life and the chances that future missions could be sent to explore the ocean, potentially with a robotic submarine.

Sholes has gathered estimates of how quickly solar radiation generates carbon monoxide in Mars's atmosphere, and how fast it diffuses down to the planet's surface and into subsurface rocks, where any Martian life would shelter from deadly radiation.

Like polarized light (which vibrates in one direction and is produced by the scattering of visible light off the surface of the ocean, for example), the polarized «B - mode» microwaves the scientists discovered were produced when CMB radiation from the early universe scattered off electrons 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the cosmos cooled enough to allow protons and electrons to combine into atoms.

However, radiation changes at the top of the atmosphere from the 1980s to 1990s, possibly related in part to the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, appear to be associated with reductions in tropical upper - level cloud cover, and are linked to changes in the energy budget at the surface and changes in observed ocean heat content.

Q: What are the dangers from radiation in transit and on the surface of Mars?

The results, said co-author and PNNL laboratory fellow Ruby Leung, «strongly suggest that increasing aerosol concentrations (particles, mainly soot and sulfur, that pollute the air) in the past has produced a fog - like haze that has reduced solar radiation (surface heat from sunshine), despite more frequent clear days that should lead to increased solar radiation.»

If a stellar body is too active in its youth, the radiation thrown off from its surface could seriously damage an orbiting exoplanet's atmosphere.

Although records are sparse, pan evaporation is estimated to have decreased in many places due to decreases in surface radiation associated with increases in clouds, changes in cloud properties and / or increases in air pollution (aerosols), especially from 1970 to 1990.

At night, absorption at the surface (that is, below 1.2 metres [4 feet]-RRB- is reradiated, in the form of long - wave infrared radiation, away from Earth's surface back toward space.

The HZ of a star is also sometimes referred to as the «Goldilocks zone,» because this region of circumstellar space, in which an exoplanet can orbit, receives not too little, or too much, but instead just the right amount of radiation from its parent star to allow liquid water to exist on its surface.

Wild, M., 2005: Solar radiation budgets in atmospheric model intercomparisons from a surface perspective.

Yet, through differences in its formation and evolution Venus has become a world with a surface and atmosphere astonishingly different from Earth: entirely devoid of water, lacking plate tectonics and its ability to bury CO2 and stabilize its, Venus's thick CO2 atmosphere traps the incoming solar radiation and heats up to about 740 K (464 C).

Surface radiative energy budget plays an important role in the Arctic, which is covered by snow and ice: when the balance is positive, more solar radiation from the Sun and the Earth's atmosphere arrives on the Earth's surface than is emitted fSurface radiative energy budget plays an important role in the Arctic, which is covered by snow and ice: when the balance is positive, more solar radiation from the Sun and the Earth's atmosphere arrives on the Earth's surface than is emitted fsurface than is emitted from it.

Forster and Gregory (2006) estimate ECS based on radiation budget data from the ERBE combined with surface temperature observations based on a regression approach, using the observation that there was little change in aerosol forcing over that time.

From about 0.7 solar radii to the Sun's visible surface, the material in the Sun is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation.

In 2010, model simulations of rocky super-Earths between two and 10 Earth - masses indicated that high pressures could keep their cores solid instead of molten, which would prevent a protective magnetic field from forming protecting developing surface life from stellar radiation.

A compilation of surface measurements of downward longwave radiation from 1973 to 2008 find an increasing trend of more longwave radiation returning to earth, attributed to increases in air temperature, humidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Wang 2009).

Physicists believe that information about the contents of a black hole radiates out from its surface in the form of Hawking radiation.

In addition, the instruments will be in position to make unprecedented observations of Mercury's surface in infrared light, which can be otherwise hindered by radiation from the SuIn addition, the instruments will be in position to make unprecedented observations of Mercury's surface in infrared light, which can be otherwise hindered by radiation from the Suin position to make unprecedented observations of Mercury's surface in infrared light, which can be otherwise hindered by radiation from the Suin infrared light, which can be otherwise hindered by radiation from the Sun.

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They don't have to be scientists to understand that the higher energy waves of visible light from the Sun can penetrate through CO2, H2O, CH4, NOZ etal in the atmosphere, but the lower energy radiation of infra - red waves, from Earth's surface, have problems getting back out through these molecules, and a new energy balance has to be established in the form of rising temperature.

Absorption of thermal radiation cools the thermal spectra of the earth as seen from space, radiation emitted by de-excitation is what results in the further warming of the surface, and the surface continues to warm until the rate at which energy is radiated from the earth's climate system (given the increased opacity of the atmosphere to longwave radiation) is equal to the rate at which energy enters it.

The wavelengths of co2 absorption in absorption spectrums that are relevant, clearly show how the interaction between co2 and heat from the surface result in a large decrease in the amount of radiation.

Maybe one could add instead: «This downward radiation from greenhouse gases (and some fine solid air particles («aerosols») e.g. can be measured at the surface in nights with clear sky and no other radiation sources in the atmosphere (e.g. Philipona and Dürr 2004 doi / 10.1029 / 2004GL020937).

The fact that there is a natural greenhouse effect (that the atmosphere restricts the passage of long wave (LW) radiation from the Earth's surface to space) is easily deducible from i) the mean temperature of the surface (around 15ºC) and ii) knowing that the planet is roughly in radiative equilibrium.

CO2 absorbs most all of the surface radiation in its absorption bands within tens of meters from the surface.

Hypothesis A — Because the atmospheric radiation is completely absorbed in the first few microns it will cause evaporation of the surface layer, which takes away the energy from the back radiation as latent heat into the atmosphere.

Because the wavelength of emitted EM radiation varies with the temperature of the source, it does so in the form of longer - wave IR than that received from the Sun — the Earth's surface is significantly cooler than that of the Sun.

Adding CO2 does not (at least not before the climate response, which is generally stratospheric cooling and surface and tropospheric warming for increasing greenhouse gases) decrease the radiation to space in the central portion of the band because at those wavelengths, CO2 is so opaque that much or most radiation to space is coming from the stratosphere, and adding CO2 increases the heights from which radiation is able to reach space, and the stratospheric temperatures generally increase with increasing height.

CO2 reduces the rate at which the atmosphere loses its energy to space via infrared radiation, which in turn reduces the flow of energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.

In the context of the real atmosphere, an observer looking down from space will see Planckian radiation upwelling at the surface temperature for those wavelengths where the air is very transparent.

The 1930 - 1934 exception (above) leads me to conclude that the intensity of solar radiation at the surface created the intense heat of the dust bowl years, and that the 1939 - 1942 strong EL Nino period was triggered by the intense solar radiation from 1930 - 1934 penetrating a large surface area in the Pacific.

Less TOA cooling will occur if bands are placed where, in the upper atmosphere or near TOA, they absorb more of the increases in radiation from below from surface + tropospheric (+ lower stratospheric) warming.

Actually there can be convection from the surface that is balanced by some of the radiation from within the troposphere, but in the approximation of zero non-radiative transfer above the tropopause, all the flux into the stratosphere must be from below (absent solar heating).

Actually, though, most of the OLR originates from below the tropopause (can get up around 18 km in the tropics, generally lower)-- with a majority of solar radiation absorbed at the surface, a crude approximation can be made that the area emitting to space is less than 2 * (20/6371) * 100 % ~ = 0.628 % more than the area heated by the sun, so the OLR per unit area should be well within about 0.6 % of the value calculated without the Earth's curvature (I'm guessing it would actually be closer to if not less than 0.3 % different).

There is an increase rather than a decrease in upwelling radiation, because the radiation is coming from a warmer surface and troposphere.

Although that will be true in the mid atmosphere, do you agree that is not the case near the surface of the Earth where the greenhouse molecules are being excited by blackbody radiation from the Earth's surface, but are being relaxed by collisions with other air molecules such as N2 & O2?

Starting with small amounts of absorption, the transient cooling should extend through most of the atmosphere (except the troposphere) because each layer's emission and absorption of radiation from the surface would increase equally if not for the increased absorption of radiation from the surface by lower layers, while the increased absorption of radiation from other layers would be a smaller effect due to the small emissivities — this would be true in the troposphere as well except the convective coupling with the surface would prevent it.

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).