Sentences with phrase «range of model responses»

There is a projected reduction of sea ice in the 21st century in both the Arctic and Antarctic with a rather large range of model responses.

Also, even though we focus on the ensemble - mean response, the range of model responses is also interesting and important to understand; and the climate model response of large - scale environmental conditions needs to be more explicitly connected to the response of tropical storms.

Not exact matches

It modeled the implications for the company of a requirement for emissions to decline to levels consistent with a so - called «2 °C world» after 2030 and also looked at a number of alternative scenarios based on divergent ranges in global growth and trade, geopolitics, technological innovation and responses to climate change.

«It's useful in modeling concepts in neuroscience to have a system that will yield a diverse range of behaviors for small changes of a control parameter, as this may help offer some insights about how the same neural tissue displays different responses,» Alonso said, whose research was funded by a fellowship from the Leon Levy Foundation.

«We eliminated this problem by assessing infants» responses to a wide range of different models.»

Our technological expertise ranges from the most fundamental approaches to study membrane transport in lymphocytes and dendritic cells (subcellular compartmentalization, intravital microscopy, phagosomal functions), the systematic analysis of gene expression and it regulation (RNAseq, Chip Seq, proteomics) and physiological and pathological immune responses (mouse models for cancer immunity, immunomodulation / vaccination, human clinical studies in cancer).

[Response: The ECHO - G model has a climate sensitivity that is within the standard range of the models considered by IPCC (around 2.6 deg C for 2xCO2 I think).

This is similar to the range of responses to this scenario based on the seven versions of the simple model used in Figure 22.

In response, Jacobson and colleagues at Stanford, the University of California at Berkeley and Aalborg University in Denmark have now produced a new study, focusing on 20 global regions encompassing the 139 countries, with supply and demand matching modelled for a range of storage / backup options over the period 2050 - 54.

The Chronic Social Defeat Stress (CSDS) mouse model has received much interest recently as it closely mimics the dynamic range of individual responses to stressors such as the development of a major depressive disorder, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder or resil ¬ iency to these disease states.

Model intercomparison studies (e.g., Gregory et al., 2005; Rahmstorf et al., 2005; Stouffer et al., 2006) were developed to identify and understand the causes for the wide range of MOC responses in the coupled models used here (see Chapters 4, 6 and 10).

For understanding the biology of gene - gene, gene - drug and gene - microenvironment interactions, a considerably broader range of in vitro and in vivo model systems is required — we are generating 1,000 organoid cultures from human cancers, characterising their genomes, functional dependencies and drug response, and we are expanding our in vivo models to study the interface between cancer and the immune system and microenvironment.

Although dynamic vegetation models tend to predict an overall expansion of cool forests and woodlands (Shafer et al. 2015), some tree species may actually experience reduced ranges due to geographical obstacles to range expansion in response to climate (Coops and Waring 2001).

The paper's lead author describes his findings thus — «Recent observations suggest the expected rate of warming in response to rising greenhouse gas levels, or «Transient Climate Response,» is likely to lie within the range of current climate models, but not at the high end of thiresponse to rising greenhouse gas levels, or «Transient Climate Response,» is likely to lie within the range of current climate models, but not at the high end of thiResponse,» is likely to lie within the range of current climate models, but not at the high end of this range.

Within the integrated Earth system science paradigm, our major research thrusts include the physics and chemistry of aerosols, clouds and precipitation; integrating our understanding of climate, energy, and other human and natural systems through the development and application of models that span a wide range of spatial scales; and determining the impacts of and informing responses to climate and other global and regional environmental changes.

Wigley et al. (1997) pointed out that uncertainties in forcing and response made it impossible to use observed global temperature changes to constrain ECS more tightly than the range explored by climate models at the time (1.5 °C to 4.5 °C), and particularly the upper end of the range, a conclusion confirmed by subsequent studies.

Another approach uses the response of climate models, most often simple climate models or Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs, Table 8.3) to explore the range of forcings and climate parameters that yield results consistent with observations (Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002; Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Knutti et al., 2002, 2003; Forest et al., models, most often simple climate models or Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs, Table 8.3) to explore the range of forcings and climate parameters that yield results consistent with observations (Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002; Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Knutti et al., 2002, 2003; Forest et al., models or Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs, Table 8.3) to explore the range of forcings and climate parameters that yield results consistent with observations (Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002; Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Knutti et al., 2002, 2003; Forest et al., Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs, Table 8.3) to explore the range of forcings and climate parameters that yield results consistent with observations (Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002; Harvey and Kaufmann, 2002; Knutti et al., 2002, 2003; Forest et al., 2006).

Full - complexity Earth system models (ESMs) produce spatial and temporal detail, but an ensemble of ESMs are computationally costly and do not generate probability distributions; instead, they yield ranges of different modeling groups» semi-independent «best estimates» of climate responses.

A range of activities on unseen poetry, including a past paper style question, mark scheme and model paragraph responses.

A collection of 10 resources featuring extracts from across the play; a range of activities / starters, a breakdown of analysis, «how to» guides for writing a response to an extract question, model paragraphs and opportunities for peer marking after a timed response.

Standard on Range Rover Velar models, our unique Terrain Response systems enable the driver to optimise the vehicle's engine, gearbox, centre differential and chassis systems to match the demands of the terrain, by selecting one of the easily identifiable driving modes.

After getting a major performance enhancement for the 2013 model year that gained extra 15 horsepower and 15 lb - ft of torque to 545 horsepower and 463 lb - ft of torque, the Nissan GT - R is entering 2014 with another performance improvement which includes better torque response in the 4,500 — 6,000 rpm range, enhanced throttle and acceleration feel at mid - and high - rpm ranges.

The Track Edition's performance enhancements are added to a significant number of upgrades to the GT - R for the 2014 model year, ranging from the adoption of new fuel injectors for enhanced torque response in the 4,500 to 6,000 - rpm range and improved throttle and acceleration feel at mid - and high - rpm ranges, to the addition of an oil pan baffle to stabilize oil turbulence and oil pressure under high performance driving conditions.

Handling and performance across the model range can also be managed via a series of Terrain Response 2 options.

The annual report analyzed responses from 83,442 respondents about 230 vehicle models and attributes across eight categories, including the driving experience, engine and transmission and a broad range of quality problem symptoms reported by vehicle owners.

The steering and suspension have also been tuned to provide crisper, sharper responses than in the regular Sport model, with alterations to the software of the Dynamic Drive system making the SVR feel much more focused on the road, says Range Rover.

But the other note of caution is that, although all models get Terrain Response, the more sophisticated Terrain Response 2 is optional across the range for $ 430, as is a full - size spare wheel (which adds $ 1020 and reduces luggage space to a still reasonable 558 litres), and an active locking rear diff is only available in V6 models ($ 1100).

This was a move foreseen by many and comes as a response to the already broad range of M Performance models offered by Mercedes - Benz's main rival, BMW.

There are tons of studies — ranging from paleoclimate studies to studies of volcanic effects, etc. that constrain climate response and which generally yield results consistent with the models.

[Response: If you screen the models to have surface trends similar to that observed, you do reduce the tropospheric range of responses, but error bars still overlap with the uncertainty in the obs.

Paleoclimatic and modeling constraints put a 2x CO2 response at 2 to 4.5 C which is still a large range (clouds have a lot to do with that) but it is very unlikely that clouds can produce such a change to force the response outside of that range.

Climate models have passed a broad range of validation tests — e.g. a 30 - year warming trend, response to perturbations like ENSO and volcanic eruptions... On the other hand, in a statistical model, parameters of the model are determined by a fit to the model.

The possibility of observation - model mismatch due to internal variability must also be accounted for... so in fact, attribution studies sample the range of possible forcings / responses even more completely than a climate model does.

This is similar to the range of responses to this scenario based on the seven versions of the simple model used in Figure 22.

I will anticipate the response that model results lie within a range (the IPCC stated one of which you in fact dismiss as being useful).

There's a reason why USGS PAGER estimates [a model called Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response] use ranges, with a logarithmic scale.

Ricarda Winkelmann et al. modeled the response of the Antarctic ice sheet to a wide range of future carbon emissions scenarios over the long - term (previous simulations have mainly looked at changes that might occur on a shorter timescale).

Individual responses continue to be based on a range of methods: statistical, numerical models, comparison with previous rates of sea ice loss, composites of several approaches, estimates based on various non sea ice datasets and trends, and subjective information (the heuristic category).

Individual responses continue to be based on a range of methods: statistical, numerical models, comparison with previous rates of sea ice loss, estimates based on various non-sea ice datasets and trends, and subjective information (the «heuristic» category).

Indeed, his Table I shows that whereas the response of the climate system to clouds by various models varied from 0.04 to 0.37 (a wide spread), the variation of net feedback from clouds varied only from 0.49 to 0.73 (a much narrower relative range).

For example, Brown and Caldeira (2017) use fluctuations in Earth's top - of - the - atmosphere (TOA) energy budget and their correlation with the response of climate models to increases in GHG concentrations to infer that ECS lies between 3 and 4.2 K with 50 % probability, and most likely is 3.7 K. Assuming t statistics, this roughly corresponds to an ECS range that in IPCC parlance is considered likely (66 % probability) between 2.8 and 4.5 K. By contrast, Cox et al. (2018) use fluctuations of the global - mean temperature and their correlation with the response of climate models to increases in GHG concentrations to infer that ECS likely lies between 2.2 and 3.4 K, and most likely is 2.8 K.

As an example, Hohenegger et al (2009) investigated the triggering of precipitation in response to soil moisture anomalies with a set of regional models ranging in physical formulation and resolution.

More of that stuff in the middle white space... — «consistent with the estimated responses» — well, it may well be, but that doesn't prove much — remember that the models, so far as they go, do predict some things that don't appear to be happening in the real world (tropospheric warming, etc)-- the fact that one particular number happens to be within a (fairly large) range of predictions is not especially persuasive.

We derive these values from the spread of IPCC model responses, realizing that these models do have systematic errors, but reproduce historic variations well enough to have confidence about the approximate range of warming in 2050.

Individual responses were based on a range of methods: statistical, numerical models, comparison with previous observations and rates of ice loss, and composites of several approaches.

They then matched the response to temperature for both total daily demand and daily peak load, and played with 20 climate models to allow for a range of scenarios.

In this way, we can obtain the expected range of projected climate trends using the interannual statistics of the observed NAO record in combination with the model's radiatively - forced response (given by the ensemble - mean of the 40 simulations).

We find that the expected 95 % range of future climate trends induced by NAO fluctuations estimated from the observed statistics of the NAO and the modeled response to increased GHGs is largely similar to that obtained from the CESM - LE directly, attesting to the fidelity of the model's representation of the NAO and the utility of this approach.

The individual responses were based on a range of methods: statistical, numerical models, comparison with previous observations and rates of ice loss, or composites of several approaches; details can be found in the individual outlooks available at the bottom of this page.

Seven global vegetation models are used to analyze possible responses to future climate simulated by a range of general circulation models run under all four representative concentration pathway scenarios of changing concentrations of greenhouse gases.