Sentences with phrase «rate by cosmic rays»

Exhibit A: ================ The concentration of radiocarbon, 14C, in the atmosphere depends on its production rate by cosmic rays, and on the intensity of carbon exchange between the atmosphere and other reservoirs, for example the deep oceans.

Each isotope is produced at a different rate by cosmic rays and has a different half - life.

Not exact matches

They found a small correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures occurring every 22 years; however, the changing cosmic ray rate lagged behind the change in temperatures by between one and two years, suggesting that the cause of the temperature rise might not be attributable to cosmic rays and cloud formation, but could be caused by the direct effects of the sun.

By comparing the small oscillations in cosmic ray rate and temperature with the overall trends in both since 1955, Sloan and Wolfendale found that less than 14 percent of the global warming seen during this period could have been caused by solar activitBy comparing the small oscillations in cosmic ray rate and temperature with the overall trends in both since 1955, Sloan and Wolfendale found that less than 14 percent of the global warming seen during this period could have been caused by solar activitby solar activity.

CLOUD also finds that ions from galactic cosmic rays strongly enhance the production rate of pure biogenic particles — by a factor 10 - 100 compared with particles without ions.

Cosmogenic isotopes, which are produced by galactic cosmic rays impacting on meteoroids and whose production rate is modulated by the varying HMF convected outward by the solar wind, may offer an alternative tool for the investigation of the HMF in the past centuries.

Other applications of past geomagnetic field reconstructions include investigations of atmospheric ionisation by galactic cosmic rays (e.g., Usoskin et al. 2008, 2010) or in - situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates to study Earth surface processes (e.g., Pigati & Lifton 2004; Lifton et al. 2008).

100 ppt of ammonia led to a 100 — 1000-fold increase in the nucleation rate, while ground - level cosmic ray intensities were found to increase the nucleation rate by up to a factor of 10 (Kirkby et al. 2011).

Much longer records of solar behavior come from atomic isotopes that are produced in our atmosphere by the impact of galactic cosmic rays, whose rate of incidence at the Earth is affected by conditions on the Sun.

Ions increase the nucleation rate by an additional factor of between two and more than ten at ground - level galactic - cosmic - ray intensities, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion - pair production rate.

He ignores the possibility that decadal variability may be caused by external forcing such as cosmic rays which are known to cause increased rates of aerosol nucleation.